PUTNAM;. 566 PXTVIS DE CHAVANNES. PUTNAM, Maby Traill .Spence (Lowell) (1810-'J8). A poetess, translator, and essayist, daughter of Kev. Charles Lowell, sister of James Russell Lowell. .She was born in Boston, Mass., December 10, 1810. She married, in 1832, Samuel K. Putnam, a Boston merchant. Besides nu- merous contributions to magazines, especially on Polish and Hunfjarian literature and historj', she wrote two metrical dramas on slavery, A Trayedy of Errors (18G2) and A Tragedy of Success (1802) ; a novel, The Records of an Obscure Man (1801) ; A History of the Vonstitu- iion of Hungary, made timely by the visit of Kossuth (1850) ; Memoir of William Lowell Put- nam, her son, killed at Ball's Bluft' (1802); Fifteen Days (1800) ; Memoir of Charles Lowell (her father) (188.5) ; and a translation from the Swedish of Fredrika Bremer's The Seighbors. PUTNAM, RUFUS (1738-1824). An American soldier. He was born in Sutton, Mass. ; was a millwright's apprentice there from 1754 to 1757; enlisted as a private soldier for service in the French and Indian War in 1757; and became an orderly sergeant in 1750 and an ensign in 1700. While an apprentice he studied diligently during his leisure hours, gaining a fair knowledge of mathematics and history, and after 1700 devoted himself to the studv of surveying, in which he soon liecame markedly proficient. He entered the Continental Army as lieutenant-colonel in May, 1775, planned the defenses at Roxbury, and in August, 1770, was appointed chief engineer of the army with the rank of colonel. Preferring field service, however, he was placed in command of a Massachusetts regiment in November, and in 1777 served with great gallantry in the cam- paign against Burgoj'ne. In 1779 he aided liis cousin, Israel Putnam, in completing the West Point fortifications, and in 1783 was made brigadier-general. He was a member for several terms of the Massachusetts Legislature, and dur- ing Shays's Rebellion was General Lincoln's aide. In 1780 he, with Gen. Benjamin Tupper, or- ganized a company, composed of officers and soldiers of the Revolutionary War, to form a settlement in what is now Ohio. He was one of three directors appointed by this company (the Ohio Company) in 1787 to secure a tract of land from Congress, and, chiefly through his efforts, 1,500,000 acres were obtained at 00 2-3 cents per acre. This tract was located at the junction of the Ohio and Muskingum rivers, whither in 1788 Putnam led the first party of settlers, laying out ilarietta (q.v.), the first organized settlement in the Northwest Terri- tory. He was one of the judges of the United States Court in the Northwest Territory from 1790 to 1790, concluded an important treaty with the Indians at Vincennes, Ind., in 1792, was Surveyor-General of the United States from 1790 to 1803, and was a member of the Ohio constitutional convention in 1802. In 1812 he organized the first Bible society west of the AUeghanies. His manuscript diary, an inter- esting document, has been preserved. There is an autobiography, written in 1812 and also in manuscript, deposited in the college library, Marietta, Ohio. Consult : Journal of General Rufus Putnam, IJoJ-GO (Albany. 1880) ; also Cone, Life of Rufus Putnam (Cleveland, 1880). PUTREFACTION. See Fermentation ; Ptomaines. PUTRID FEVER. See Typhus. PUTRID SEA. A lagoon on the coast of the Crimea. See Sivash. PUTS AND CALLS. See Stock Exchange. PUT'TENHAM, George (?-c.l590). The re- puted autlior of a treatise entitled The Arte of English Pocsie, contrived into three bookes; the first of Poets and Poesie, the second of Propor- tion, the third of Ornament (1589). The work has also been claimed for his elder brother, Richard Puttenheim (c.l520-c.l001). It was issued anonymously. In his dedication to Lord Burghley, the publisher asserted that he had re- ceived tile book without the name of the author. In his Hypcrcritica (1018), Edmund Bolton said that common fame ascribed the work to "one of the Queen's gentlemen pensioners, Puttenham. Internal evidence points to one of the brothers as the author : but whether George or Richard is uncertain. The book is the most solid of all the earlv treatises on poetry in English. Consult the reprint by Edward Arber (London, 1809). PUTTER, put'ter, Johaxx Stephan (1725- 1807). An eminent German jurist, born at Iserlohn. He studied at Magdeburg, Halle, and .Jena, and after 1747 was professor of law at the Universit.v of Gijttingen. He exerted great influence on the law institutions of his time, and some of his works, which are written with care and originalit.v, are still valuable. His principal work is Historische Entwicklung der heutigen Utaatsierfassung des Deutschcii Reichs (1780-99) ; and his other writings include Yoll- stiindigcs Handbuch der dcutschen Reichshistorie (1702-72) and Elementa Juris Publici Germanici (17.54). PUTTKAMER, put'ka-mer, Robert Viktor VON (1828-1000 1. A Prussian statesman, born at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. He studied in 1846-50 at Heidelberg, Geneva, and Berlin, entered the Gov- ernment service in 1854, and became Regierungs- priisidcnt (president of an administrative dis- trict) at Gumbinnen in 1871, and at Metz in 1874. In 1873 he was elected to the Reichstag, where he was prominent as a strong Conserva- tive, in 1877 became chief president of the Prov- ince of Silesia, and in 1879 Minister of Education and Public Worship. He took measures against the undenominational schools, and made conces- sions to the orthodox Evangelicals. In 1881 he was appointed Minister of the Interior and vice-presi- dent of the Ministry. His conservative admin- istration, and particularly the methods employed by him in favoring the election of Government candidates, was attacked by the Radicals, notably in a s])eech bv Eugen Richter, and disapproved by Frederick III. upon the latter's accession. He therefore resigned (1888), and held no other of- fice until his appointment as chief president of Pomerania by William II. in 1801. PUT YOURSELF IN HIS PLACE. A novel by Charles Reade ( 1S70). It is a story of an English manufacturing town, in which Henry Little, a workman and inventor, is persecuted by the trades unions, jealous becaiise he was better trained than his fellows. Squire Raby, Little's uncle, is a forcible character, and a pleasant love- .story offsets the labor troubles. PUVIS DE CHAVANNES, pu'ves' de sha'- van'. Pierre (1824-98). The leading mural paint- er of France in the nineteenth century. He was
