QUERCITRON. 611 QXJESNEL. of dyers. It yields a yellow erystallizable sub- stance, querdtrin, CjaHjsOjo -|- 3HjO, which may be extracted by means of alcohol ; the tannic acid, which is simultaneously taken up, must be ]iiecipitated by the addition of gelatin, after which the liquid will, on evaporation, yield crys- tals of quercitrin. On the addition of alum, its solution assumes a beautiful yellow color. When boiled with dilute acids, quercitron breaks up into glucose and quercetin, C.iHjgOji + SHoO — a yellow crystalline substance, soluble in alkaline solutions, to which it communicates a golden-yel- low color. It is brought into commerce under the name of flavin. The decomposition shows tliat quercitrin belongs to the glucosides, or com- pounds which, when broken up, yield sugar. QXXERCUS. The generic name for oak (q.v.). QtTERETARO, ka-ra'ta-r6. An inland State of Jlcxico, bounded by the State of San Luis Potosi on the north, Hidalgo and Mexico on the east, Michoacan on the south, and Guanajuato on the west (ilap: Mexico, J 7). Area, 3,556 square miles. Querotaro belongs geographically to the Plateau of Anahuac (q.v.), is traversed by mountain ranges in the northern part, while in the south plains and valleys prevail. The State is watered by a number of small rivei-s, and the climate is temperate, with moderate frost and rainfall. The valleys are very fertile, and the chief agricultural products are cereals and sugar. The mineral wealth is considerable and mining is carried on to some extent. The most famous opal mines in Jlexico are located liere. There are also some manufactures of cot- t(m and woolen goods. The State is traversed l)y the Mexican Central Railway. Population, in 1S95, 224,848; in 1900, 228,489. Capital, Querg- taro. QXJERETARO. The capital of the State of Queretaro, Mexico, situated on an elevated plateau 110 miles northwest of the City of Mexico, on the ^Mexican Central Railroad (Map: Mexico, J 7). It is a pleasant and well-built city, and has several fine avenues leading to the beautiful parks which surround it. There are two large squares, on one of which stands the city hall, and on the other the cathedral. Other notable buildings ai'e the Government palace, built of basalt, the custom house, several fine churches and ho.spitals, the elegant and historic Iturbide Theatre, and the bull ring. There is a good water supply brought by an aqueduct of 74 arches and 80 feet high. The city is an im- portant industrial centre, and contains some of the largest cotton mills in the country. Popula- tion, in 1895, 34,567. Queretaro is one of the most historic cities of the Republic. It was here that the movement for independence began. It was the last place of refuge of Maximilian, and he and two of his generals were executed here in 1867. QtTESADA, ka-sa'oa, Gonzalo Ximekez de. See XlME.NEZ DE QUESADA. QUESNAY, kfi'n.^', FRANq'Ols (1694-1774). A French economist, born at MC're. He first distinguished himself as a surgeon and physician. His Observations stir les effets de la saiqnee (1730). in which he success- fully opposed the theories of bleeding of the leading contemporary authority, led to his selection as secretary of the Academy of Sur- gery at Paris. Defective eyesight compelled him to abandon surger}' for medicine. In 1749 he became physician to Madame de Pompadour, and he was appointed physician to the King in 1752. This position gave him leisure for philosophical and economic study, and in 1756 he published in the Encyclopedie articles on "Fermiers" and 'Grains," in which he correctly analyzed the deficiencies of French agriculture, and advocated the adoption of capitalistic methods in farming and the abolition of the vexatious ta.xes and restrictions which were impoverishing French agriculture. In these articles Quesnay advanced the doctrine that the sole source of national wealth is the surplus of agriculture, the produit net. (See Physiocrats.) In 1758 he published his Tableau osconomique, a work which disap- peared in the early nineteenth centurj-, but was found in 1890, and reproduced in facsimile at London in 1894. Its purpose was to make in- telligible at a glance the dependence of a nation's wealth upon the produit net. Quesnay published several minor economic works, which, liowever, added nothing to the doctrines of the Tableau. His chief influence upon economic thought was exercised through his disciples, who formed the sect afterwards known as the 'Physiocrats' (q.v.). Quesnay's works were collected and pub- lished in 1768 by Dupont de Xemours, under the title of Plii/sioeratie. Consult : Higgs, The Phys- iocrats (London. 1897) : Oncken, ffiwrres cco- nomiqiics ct philosophiques de Quesnay (Frank- fort, 1888). " ' QXIESNAY DE BEAUREPAIRE, de bo'r'- par', Jules (1838 — ). A French jurist and au- tlior, born at Sainnur. He became especially conspicuous during the Boulanger and Dreyfus affairs, and was president of the courts of cas- sation before which Dreyfus was tried in 1889 and 1899. His publications, some of them under the pseudonym of Jules de Glouvet, include His- toires dii vieux temps (1882); Le forest ier (1880) ; Le 7narinier (1881) ; Le berger (1882) ; and L'ideal (1883). QITESNEL, ka'ne!'. Pasqi'Ier (1634-1719). A Frencli Jansenist theologian. He was born in Paris. July 14, 1634. and having been educated in the Sorbonne. entered the Congregation of the Oratory (q.v.) in 1657. At the age of twenty- eight he was appointed director of the Paris house of his congregation. It was for the use of the young men under his charge that he commenced the series of his afterwards celebrated Rdflemons morales on the Xew Testament. Soon afterwards he published an edition of the works of Saint Leo (1675), much criticised by reason of its Gallicanism. and in 1676 put among the prohibited works by the Pope. His residence at Paris, however, was cut short by the disputes about Jansenism. Having refused to sign certain propositions, subscription to which was. by a decree of 1684. required of all members of the Oratory, Quesnel left the consregation and re- tired to Brussels, where he attached himself to the party of Arnauld. the Jansenists, in which be speedily rose to the first position of influence and authority. He continued his Reflexions morales while living there in concealment; and in 1693-94 they were published in a complete form, with the approval of Cardinal de Noailles, Bishop of Chalons, and ultimately .Archbishop of Paris. The work, however, on examination, was
