his drawings was published in Munich (1890) under the title "Spiegelbilder aus dem Leben." His "Waiting Room of the First Class in the Munich Railway Station" is in the National Gallery, Berlin. He was awarded a gold medal in 1882.
REINKENS, rin'kens, Joseph Hubert (1821–96). The first Old Catholic bishop. He was born at Burtscheid, near Aix-la-Chapelle; studied theology at Bonn; was ordained priest of the Roman Catholic Church; and in 1853 was appointed professor of Church history at Breslau. In 1870 he united with Dollinger in the Old Catholic movement, was suspended by the Bishop of Breslau, and the students were forbidden to attend his lectures. In 1873 he was consecrated Bishop at Rotterdam by the Jansenist Bishop of Deventer. He soon took the oath of allegiance to the Government and was recognized by Prussia as a Catholic bishop, with his residence at Bonn, and remained there in this capacity till his death. His publications include: Hilarius von Poitiers (1864); Martin von Tours (1866); Revolution und Kirche (1876); Melchior von Diepenbrock (1881); Lessing über Tolcranz (1883). See Old Catholics.
REINMAR VON HAGENAU, rin'mär fōn hä'ge-nou (?–c.1210). A German poet, one of the first of the minnesingers, usually called Reinmar the Old. From Hagenau he went to Vienna and there taught Walther von der Vogelweide, with whom he may have made the Crusade of 1190. His poetry, artificial, sad, and 'pale-hued,' won him the title of the 'Nightingale of Hagenau' from Gottfried von Strassburg, a panegyric from his pupil Walther, and from Uhland high praise for its sentiment and diction. It is published in Lachmann and Haupt's Des Minnesangs Frühling. Consult: Schmidt, Reinmar der Hagenau (Strassburg, 1874); and Burdach, Reinmar der Alte und Walther von der Vogelweide (Leipzig, 1880).
REINSCH, rinsh, Paul Samuel (1869— ). An American historical writer. He was born in Milwaukee, Wis., of German-American parents. He graduated at the University of Wisconsin in 1892, at the law school of the same institution in 1894, and after being admitted to the bar practiced for some time in Milwaukee. Returning to the State University in 1895, he became an instructor and extension lecturer in history, pursuing graduate studies at the same time, and taking the degree of Ph.D. in history in 1898. In 1899 he was appointed assistant professor of political science, and in 1901 professor of political science. His publications include The Common Law in the Early American Colonies (1899), World Politics at the End of the Nineteenth Century (1900), and Colonial Government (1901).
REINTHALER, rïn'ta-lèr, Karl Martin (1822-96). A German composer, born at Erfurt. He studied music under A. B. Marx, and, later, in both Paris and Rome. In 1853 he was appointed teacher at the Cologne Conservatory, and in 1858 became municipal music director and cathedral organist at Bremen, where he also conducted the cathedral choir, the Singakademie, and the concert society. He retired in 1893. His best known works are the oratorio Jephtha, the Bismarck-Hymne, the choral works In der Wüste, and Das Madchen von Kolah, and the operas Edda (1875) and Kätchen von Heilbronn, which gained a prize at Frankfort in 1881.
REIS, ris, Philipp (1834-74). A German physicist, born at Gelnhausen. In 1858 he became a teacher in the Garnier Institute, near Homburg, and there, after two or three years of research, in 1860 he produced the first telephone. It transmitted musical tone, but not the intelligible utterances of the voice. Reis gained no benefit from his invention. In 1885 a monument was erected to him in his native town. Consult Thomson's English version of the biographical sketch by Schenk (London, 1883).
REISEBILDER, rï'ze-bil'der (Ger., pictures of travel). A work by Heinrich Heine in four volumes (1826-31), in which poetie descriptions of nature and powerful delineations of character are mingled with scoffs at the institutions of the age, political, religious, and social. The wit and irreverence of these attacks, which respected nothing, together with the real beauties of the work, won for it an immediate success and brought the author into popular favor. Some of the poems interspersed through the work were published later with others under the title of Buch der Lieder.
REIS EFFENDI, ra'is ef-fen'di (Turk., presiding official). A title formerly given to an officer of State in the Ottoman Empire. He was the Chancellor of the Empire, and Minister of Foreign Affairs. His duties in the first-mentioned capacity was to confer with the Grand Vizier regarding the orders and instructions to be sent to the different provinces and regarding the proper decision on any subject affecting the Empire, whether internal or external; and in the latter capacity he had the sole and exclusive charge of the relations of the Porte with foreign courts.
REISKE, ri'ske, Johann Jakob (1716-74). A celebrated German philologist and Oriental scholar. He was born at Zörbig, Prussian Saxony, and was educated at the University of Leipzig, where he devoted much attention to the study of the Semitic languages, especially Arabic. In 1758, after living in abject indigence, he obtained the rectorship of the Nikolai Gynmasium, in Leipzig, and he retained the post till his death. From 1758 he devoted his attention chiefly to Greek literature, in which he became a recognized authority. His works, which are very numerous and are remarkable for their learning, include his Animadversiones in Græcos Auctores (1757-66), and editions of Theocritus (1765-66); of the Greek orators (1770-75); of Maximus Tyrius (1774-75); of Dionysius of Halicarnassus (1774–77); of Plutarch, with notes and translations (12 vols., 1774-82); Dio Chrysostom (1784-98); and Libanius (1791-94). Reiske was also the first to call attention to the historical and æsthetic value of Arabic literature. His chief work in this field was his Latin translation of the Annales Moslemici of Abulfeda (1754; frequently reëdited). Some of these works, and his correspondence with Moses Mendelssohn and Lessing, were published after his death, by his wife, Ernestine Christine Reiske (1735-98). Consult: Morus, Vita Reiskii (Leipzig. 1777): Reiske, Selbstbiographie (Leipzig, 1793); and Haupt's Opuscula (Leipzig, 1875-76).
REISS, rïs, Wilhelm (1838— ). A German traveler and naturalist, born at Mannheim. He
