port (in 1819) on its voyage to Liverpool. December 10, 1864, General Sherman reached Savannah, thus completing his famous march to the sea. The city, then having a population of about 25,000, was defended by General Hardee with a Confederate force of 18,000; but Sherman captured Fort McAllister (q.v.) on the 13th, and on the 20th, while the Federal army was preparing to open siege operations on all sides, Hardee hurriedly withdrew by means of a pontoon bridge, destroying the navy yard with the ironclad ram Savannah, but leaving 150 heavy guns, large quantities of ammunition, and some 30,000 bales of cotton. Sherman left late in January on his march through the Carolinas, but Savannah was held by a Federal garrison until the close of the war. Consult: C. C. Jones, Jr., and others, History of Savannah to the Close of the Eighteenth Century (Syracuse, 1890); Lee and Agnew, Historical Record of Savannah (Savannah, 1869); and Siege of Savannah in 1779 (Albany, 1866).
SAVANNAH RIVER. A river forming the boundary between Georgia and South Carolina. It rises in the Blue Ridge, and flows southeast, entering the Atlantic Ocean through the Tybee Roads, after a course of 450 miles (Map: Georgia, D 2). Its upper course is rapid, and the river carries a great deal of silt, which is deposited near its mouth in low islands and spits, dividing the river into narrow channels. The entrance is being extensively improved by means of jetties, and a 26-foot channel will be secured to the city of Savannah, 18 miles from the sea. The river is navigable for small steamers 230 miles to Augusta.
SAVANNAS (OSp. savana, sheet, from Lat. sabanum, from Gk. σάβανον, linen cloth, towel). Plant societies intermediate between forests and grasslands and associated with transitional conditions. Climatic savannas, which are abundant in many tropical and warm regions, are park-like, the undergrowth being largely grassy and the trees scattered irregularly. Occasionally edaphic savannas, probably influenced by the grazing of animals, may occur in temperate regions, especially in river bottoms.
SAVARY, sȧ′vȧ′rē̇′, Anne Jean Marie René, Duke of Rovigo (1774-1833). A French general, born at Marcq (Ardennes). In 1797 he accompanied Desaix to Egypt, and after Marengo (1800) Napoleon made him a colonel and aide-de-camp. In 1802 he became general of brigade and was made chief of the secret police; in 1804, as commandant of troops, stationed at Vincennes, he presided at the shameful execution of the Duke d'Enghien. In the wars of 1806-07 he acquired high military reputation, his victory at Ostrolenka (February 16, 1807) being a brilliant achievement. He distinguished himself also at Friedland (June 14, 1807), and was created Duke of Rovigo in the beginning of the following year. He was then sent to Spain by the Emperor and negotiated the arrangements by which Joseph Bonaparte became King of Spain. In 1810 Savary replaced Fouché as Minister of Police and held office until 1814. After the fall of Napoleon, he was confined by the British Government at Malta for seven months, when he succeeded in making his escape, and landed at Smyrna. He returned to Paris in 1818, and was reinstated in his titles and honors. In 1823 he removed to Rome, having given offense to the Court by his pamphlet Sur la catastrophe de Mgr. le Duc d'Enghien, in which Talleyrand was charged with the responsibility for the Duke's death, but at the close of 1831 he was recalled by Louis Philippe and appointed commander-in-chief of the Army of Africa. He died in Paris. His Mémoires (Paris, 1828) are valuable for the Napoleonic period.
SAVE, säv (Ger. Sau). A tributary of the Danube. It rises in the northwestern part of the Austrian Crownland of Carniola, and flows southeast and east through Croatia and along the southern borders of Slavonia, which it separates from Bosnia and Servia till it joins the Danube at Belgrade, after a course of about 450 miles (Map: Austria, E 4). In its lower course it is a sluggish stream, winding between marshy banks, while its shoals and variable volume render navigation difficult. It is, however, navigable for steamers as far as Sissek, 365 miles. It receives its principal tributaries from the right. These include the Kulpa, Unna, Vrbas, Bosna, and Drina.
SA′VERY, Thomas (c.1650-1715). An English inventor, born in Shilstone, Devonshire. He became a military engineer, but devoted himself to mechanical inventions, devising a machine for polishing plate glass in 1696 and in the same year a pair of paddle-wheels worked by a capstan set between them on a boat, a scheme described in a pamphlet Navigation Improved (1698; reprinted in 1858 and in 1880). But his fame rests on the steam pumping engine which he patented in 1698, and which was the first to come into practical use, especially in the improved form it took after the association of Savery with Newcomen (q.v.). Savery wrote The Miner's Friend (1698), which contains a description of his engine.
SAVIGLIANO, sä′vē̇-lyä′nō̇. A town in the Province of Cuneo, Italy, on the Maira, 32 miles by rail south of Turin (Map: Italy, B 3). It is surrounded by walls, and has a triumphal arch. There are a technical school and a library. Savigliano manufactures railway material, wagons, silks, linens, and sugar, and trades in cattle, hemp, and fruit. Here in 1799 the allied Russians and Austrians defeated the French. Population (commune), in 1901, 17,321.
SAVIGNY, sȧ′vē̇′nyē̇′, Friedrich Karl von (1779-1801). One of the most distinguished of modern European jurists, the founder of the modern historical school of jurisprudence. He was born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, a descendant of an ancient family of Lorraine. He studied at Marburg (1803-08), taught there, at Landshut (1808-10), and at Berlin (1810-42). In 1842 he ceased to teach and became a member of the Prussian Ministry, his especial charge being the preparation of legislative measures. In 1848 he retired to private life. In 1803 he published a treatise on the Law of Possession (Recht des Besitzes) which gave him a European reputation. In 1814, in reply to a pamphlet by Thibaut, advocating the preparation of a code of laws for Germany, he published his Vocation of Our Time for Legislation and Jurisprudence (Beruf unserer Zeit für Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft). In his essay he took the ground that German legal
