between 1890 and 1900 the street railway mileage of the United States more than doubled; the mileage of cable railways decreased about one-half; the mileage of horse railways decreased from over 6000 miles to 370 miles; and the mileage of electric railways increased from about 2000 miles to over 19,000 miles. A similar course of development has been recorded in the tramway systems of England and Continental Europe, although the totals do not reach the aggregates recorded for the United States. For a condensed statement of the development of electric railways in the countries outside of the United States and Canada, see Electric Railways.
Bibliography. Outside of the electric railway field (see Electric Railways) there are no books of much value relating to street railways. There is, however, a large volume of periodical literature of high class available. Among the sources of information of this class the following may be consulted with advantage: Reports of the American Street Railway Association (Chicago); Volumes of the Street Railway Journal (New York), and the Engineering News (New York); Street Railway Investments (New York).
STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYEES, Amalgamated Association of. See Railway Brotherhoods.
STREITBERG, strīt′bĕrK, Wilhelm (1864—). A German philologist, born in Rüdesheim, and educated in Leipzig, where he became docent in 1889. In the same year he was appointed professor of Indo-Germanic philology at Freiburg, a chair which he left in 1899 for a professorship in Sanskrit and comparative philology at Münster. In comparative grammar he ranks close to Osthoff and to Brugmann. In 1892 he became editor of the Anzeiger für indogermanische Sprach- und Altertumskunde, the annual bibliography of the Indogermanische Forschungen, and of a series, entitled Germanische Elementarbücher, in 1896, in which he wrote “Urgermanische Grammatik” (1896, revised 1903), and “Gotisches Elementarbuch” (1897). His earlier works on Germanics are Die germanischen Komparative auf -oz- (1890); Zur germanischen Sprachgeschichte (1892); and Entstehung der Dehnstufe (1894).
STRELITZ, strā′lĭts. A town in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, about two miles south of Neustrelitz. It was formerly the capital of the country. It has some manufactures. Population, in 1900, 4165.
STREL′TSI, STRELTZI, or STREL′ITZ. The Russian Imperial guard, organized by Ivan IV. in the second half of the sixteenth century. At that time, and for long afterwards, they were the only standing force in Russia, and at times amounted to between 40,000 and 50,000 men. They were stationed at Moscow in time of peace, in a quarter of the capital which was set apart for them, and enjoyed special privileges. Incessant conspiracies rendered them in time dangerous. In 1698 a revolt of the Streltsi led to a bloody contest in which they were defeated with great loss. Peter the Great finally suppressed them (1705).
STREMAYR, strā′mīr, Karl von (1823-1904). An Austrian statesman, born at Gratz, where he also studied law, entered the Government service, and subsequently was Attorney-General and docent at the University. In 1868 he was appointed councilor in the Ministry of the Interior, and in 1870-79 was Minister of Public Instruction, when he brought about the repeal of the concordat of 1855. President of the Council after the going out of the Auersperg Ministry in 1879, he entered the Cabinet of Count Taaffe as Minister of Justice, but resigned in 1880, was appointed vice-president and, after Schmerling's resignation in 1891, president of the Supreme Court, from which post he retired in 1899. He was called to a seat in the House of Lords in 1889.
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. A term which may be defined as the resistance which materials offer against deformation. Every load produces in the structure an internal resistance which balances it, and this internal resistance is called a stress. Three kinds of direct stress may be produced by load, viz. a stress tending to pull apart, or tensile stress; a stress tending to push together, or compressive stress; and a stress tending to slide on parallel planes, or shearing stress. Complex
