TRANSLITERATION
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Other Indian Languages.
Quiescent « ă » has not as a rule been indicated in languages other than Bengali by « a » as it has been done in Bengali, except to make clear the derivation of a form or word in a particular case.
Ōṛiyā and Assamese « å », as in Bengali.
Bihārī « ả », a rounded vowel sound as in Middle Bengali.
Small « a, i, u », at the top of the line, indicate the attenuated final vowels of Maithilī, Sindhī, etc.
The diphthongs are written « å‿i, å‿u » for Oṛiyā and Assamese, and « a‿i, å‿u » for the rest. The nasalised diphthongs are « a‿ĩ, a‿ũ ».
Generally « ṛ, ṛh » have been used for intervocal ड (ड़), ढ (ढ़) « ḍ, ḍh » where these letters are pronounced as ‘cerebral r, rh’.
For the letter व, « v, w » have indifferently been used ; generally « w » for Hindōstānī. Assamese and Ōṛiyā follow the Bengali way—« b-, -b », « -b- » (intervocal), « -w- » (post-consonantal).
Tamil palatals have been indicated by the italic « n, r, t », and the Tamil voiced cerebral spirant by « l̇ ».
« ź » is the voiced form of the sibilant « ś » = श of Skt., which occurred in Indo-Iranian.
Persian and Arabic.
For the transliteration and phonetic transcription from these speeches, see under ‘Phonology of the Foreign Element: Persian,’ forming Chapter VI. of Phonology, pp. 539 ff., esp. p. 573.
« x » has generally been employed to indicate the letter خ; the usual transcription is « kh » or « kh ».
« š » = ش sh of English ; « ž » = ژ, or s as in English pleasure = French j.
