against military developments in these territories must be absolute. Whatever the League may be able to do for the liberties of subordinate civilized peoples elsewhere, the safeguards against the oppression of primitive peoples under European overlordship must be absolute, under penalty of forfeiture.
The character of these safeguards can here be only summarily suggested. They must include—
(1) Protection of Native land rights, and sufficient Native Reserves.
(2) Prohibition of forced labour, except for definite and approved local services.
(3) Restriction of contract labour.
(4) Complete separation of administration from exploitation.
(5) Maintenance of and respect for tribal authority, law, and customs, wherever possible.
(6) Exclusion of distilled liquor.
It is not advisable when such overlordship exists to assign control to committees of different Powers. Joint sovereignties have not worked satisfactorily. What it seems most desirable to aim at is the reposing of undistributed local authority in whatever government may be the trustee of sovereign power, with responsibility for observance of principles laid down, enforceable through appeal to the Court of the League. The transfer of such trusteeship, in the case of the Congo territories, from Leopold II to the Belgian National Government is an example of how such responsibility can be enforced. But if these safeguards
