III. Accent. Accent in Declension.
97
agreeable and disagreeable'; and as adjectives tMnra-dhumrd- (AV.) 'tawny and dark', daksina-savyd- (AV.) 'right and left', saptamastamd- (AV.) 'seventh and eighth'.
a. The very few adverbial copulatives which occur accent the first member: dhar-divi 'day by day', saydm-pratar (AV.) 'at even and at mom'.
2. The class of D svata-dvandvas, each member of which is dual in form, and which in the RV. is about thrice as frequent as the regular class, retains the accent of simple words in each member of the compound': thus agna-^imu {hSl^^ agni-soma, indra-pusdna, indra-brkaspdti', indra-vdruna, indra-visnu, indra-sSma, usasa-ndkta 'Dawn and Night', dyJvd-ksama 'heaven and earth'j dydva-prthivf, dyAvS-bhimT, ndktosdsd, pdrJanyd-vAtS, prtkivi-dydva, mitrd-vdrwia, siirya-mAsa. A few others are formed in the same way from substantives which are not the names of deities: krdtu-ddksau (VS.) 'under- standing and will', turvdsa-ydda (iv. 30'?) 'Turvasa and Yadu', dhuni-cumurl 'Dhuni and Cumuri', m%tdra-pitdra (iv. 6 7) 'mother and father'.
a. A certain number of these compounds have been assimilated to the regular class of copulatives by giving up the accent of the first member: indragnt, indra-pusdna, soma-pUsdnd, vatd-parjanyd, surya-candramdsa, bhava- rudrdti (AV.), bhava-sarvdu (AV.)^; one has been completely assimilated by giving up also the dual form in the first member: indra-vayii.
a. There occurs once a secondary adjective copulative accented on both members, being formed from an adverbial Dvandva: ahar-divd- i^?,^ '&3SS.f {ahar-divi 'day by day').
3. Accent in Declension.
93. The vocative, when accented at all (85, 2) invariably has the acute on the first syllable; e. g. pitar, N. pita 'father'; deva, N. devd-s 'god'. The regularly accented vocative of dyu- {dydv-) 'heaven' is dyciu-s, that is dlaus, but the nominative form dydus is also used in its stead.
a. Otherwise, in the ^z-declension (f. -a) the accent always remains on the same syllable; e. g. N. devd-s, G. devd-sya, pi. devd-nam. This rule is also followed by monosyllabic pronominal stems in -a; e. g. from ma-: I. mdy-a 'by me', D. md-hyam, L. mdy-i; from td- 'that', G. sing, ta-sya, pi. G. ie-sam, I. td-bkis^.
a. An exception to this rule is formed by the plural cardinal stems ending in -a. They regularly accent that vowel before endings with initial consonant, and throw the acute on the ending of the genitive; c. %. panca 'five': 1. pancd-bhis, G. pancd.7tdm% astd 'eight', however," shifts the accent to the endings generally, thus I. asta-bhis, D. asta- bhyds (TS.).
94. When the final syllable of the stem is accented, the acute (except in the a -declension) is liable to shift to the endings in the weak cases.
I. This is the rule in monosyllabic stems; e. g. ndu- 'ship': A. n&v-am, but I. ndv-A, pi. I. nau-bhis, L. nau-si'i; ddnt-va.. 'tooth': I. dat-&, pi. A. dat-ds^, I. dad-bhis.
1 The double accent is retained even in the derivatives mitra-vdruna-vant- 'accom- panied by Mitra and Varuna', and dyava- prtkivi-vant- (AV.) 'accompanied by heaven
and earth'.
2 Retaining the double accent of the second member.
3 In the AV. the number of Devata- dvandvas is only about half that in the RV. (though the total number of Dvandvas is more than double); about one-half of these,
Indo-arische Philologie. I. 4.
again, have only one accent, which as in the regular class is on the final syllable.
4 Retaining the nom. -s, instead of *dimt (Gk. Z«S).
5 An exception is the pronoun a- 'this', which is treated like a monosyllabic stem, e. g. G. a-syd, pi. m. e-sam, f. d-sam; a few times, however, the accentuation d-smai, d-sya, a-hhis occurs; cp. Whitney 502 b.
- The accusative plural is treated as a weak case and accented on the ending in
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