I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. those that are added directly to roots; secondary, or those that are added to stems already derivative (pronominal stems being also accounted as such). The distinction between these two kinds is, however, not absolute. Suffixes containing a secondary element sometimes have the appearance and appli- cation of primary suffixes (as -aniya = -an-iya). Less frequently primary suffixes come to be used as secondary ones; thus the participial suffixes are added not only to the root, but also to primary and secondary conjugation stems as well as to tense stems. These nominal suffixes are sometimes added by means of what looks like and may conveniently be called a connecting vowel, though it may not be so in origin. Primary suffixes are also added to roots compounded with verbal prefixes ¹. 108 I. Primary Nominal Derivation. 113. As regards form, the root when used without suffix usually remains unchanged in respect to its vowel²; it is then, however, liable to modification in two ways: always adding the determinative - if it ends in -i, u, or -?, and occasionally appearing in a reduplicated form. But before primary suffixes the root usually appears in a strong form: either with Guna of medial or final vowels, as véd-a- 'knowledge' from Vvid-, sár-ana- 'running' from Vsr-; or with Vrddhi of final -i, -u, -r and lengthening of medial a, as kār-á- ‘making’ from V kr, grābh-á- 'seizer', from Vgrabh-. a. As regards meaning, there are two classes of primary derivatives: the one expressing abstract action nouns (with an infinitival character), the other concrete agent nouns (with a participial character) used as adjectives or substantives. Other senses are only modifications of these two; as that of the passive participle, which expresses an agent who becomes the recipient of an action. The primary suffixes forming action nouns can also nearly all be used to form agent nouns; and many of those properly forming agent nouns may also form action nouns. Those which properly form action nouns are: -a, -an, -ana, -anã, -ani, -anī, -as, -ã, -i, -is, -ī, -īka, -us, -tas, -ti, -tu, -tna, -tha, -thu, -nas, -ni, -nu, -pa, -ma, -man, -mi, -yu, -van, -sas. Those which properly form agent nouns are: -aka, -at or -ant, -ata, -anīya, -asi, -āku, -āna, -in, -iṣṭha, -īyāṇs, -u, -uka, -ū, -ūka, -ka, -ta, -tar, -tnu, -tra, -tri, -tva, -thi, -na, -māna, -min, -ya, -ra, -ri, -ru, -la, -li, -lu, -va, -vana, -vani, -vanu, -vara, -vas, -vāms, -vi, -sa, -sani, -saru, -sna, -snu. Root stems. 114. These stems are used both as action nouns (often in the function of infinitives) and as agent nouns, either substantives or adjectives. 1. Examples of the simple root form are: dyút- f. 'splendour', nŕt- (AV.) f. 'gesticulation', búdh- f. 'awaking'; dá- 'giver', bhid- f. 'destroyer', yúj- m. 'companion', spás- m. 'spy'; máh- great', výdh- 'strengthening'.-2. With root determinativet: mi-t- f. 'pillar', stú-t- f. 'praise'.-3. With reduplicated root: cikit- 'wise' (cit- 'observe'), juhú- f. 'sacrificial spoon' (hu- 'offer'), juhú- 'tongue' (hu- 'call'), dadyh-3 'hearty' (drh- 'be firm'), didyú- m. 'missile', didyú-t- f. 'missile', 'lightning', sasyád- f. 'running stream' (syand- 'run')+ and with intensive 1 Those chiefly thus used are approxima- tely in the order of their frequency: -a, -ana, -ti, -tar and -tra, -in, -ya, van and -man, -i, -u, -as; cp. WHITNEY 1141 c. 2 That is, the root appears in the weak form, in which it is usually stated. 3 In dadhik adv. 'heartily'. 4 Perhaps also gánga- f. 'Ganges' if
