IV. NOMINAL STEM FORMATION. 107 is regularly accented in principal sentences; e. g. á gamat (1. 15) ‘may he come'; jáyema sám yudhi spŕdhaḥ (1. 83) 'may we conquer our foes in fight'; gávām ápa vrajám vrdhi (1. 107) unclose the stable of the kine'; gámad vájebhir á sá naḥ (1. 5³) 'may he come to us with booty'. a. When there are two prepositions, both are accented in the RV., being treated as separate words; e. g. úpa prá yāhi (1. 826) ‘come forth'; pári spáśo ní sedire (1. 25¹3) 'the spies have sat down around'; úpa práyobhir á gatam (1. 24) 'come hither with refreshments'; ágne, ví paśya brhatá abhí räyá (III. 232) 'O Agni, look forth towards (us) with ample wealth'. a. When à immediately follows another preposition (unless it ends in i), it alone is accented, both being compounded with the verb; e. g. upagahi (1. 9110) 'come hither'; samá krnoși jīváse (X. 256) 'thou fittest (them) for living'. The general rule, however, is followed if the preposition preceding à ends in i; e. g. práty a tanusva (v. 44) 'draw (thy bow) against (them) 2. In the only passage in which it has been noted in com- bination with another preposition preceding it, áva is treated like ā: upávasrja (X. 1101⁰) 'pour out' 3. B. The preposition in subordinate clauses is generally compounded with the verb, when it is regularly unaccented; e. g. yád.. nisidathaḥ4 (VIII. 9²¹) ‘when ye two sit down'. It is, however, often separated from the verb, and is then accented as well as the verb. In this case it is commonly the first word of a Pāda, but occasionally comes after the verb; e. g. vi yó mamé rájasi (1. 1604) 'who measured out the two regions'; yás tastámbha sáhasa ví jmó ántan (IV.50') 'who with might propped earth's ends asunder'. Occasionally the preposition is separate and accented even when immediately preceding the verb; e. g. yá áhutim pári véda námobhiḥ (vI. 19) 'who fully knows the offering with devotion'. a. When there are two prepositions, either both are unaccented and compounded with the verb, or the first only is separate and accented; e. g. yüyám hí, devīr, ṛtayúgbhir ášvaiḥ pariprayathé (Iv. 515) 'for ye, O goddesses, proceed around with steeds yoked by eternal order'; sám yám ayánti dhenávaḥ (v. 6²) 'to whom the cows come together", yátra abhí samnávāmahe (VIII. 695) 'where we to (him) together shout'. A very rare example of two independent prepositions in a dependent sentence is prá yát stota ... úpa girbhir itte (III. 525) 'when the praiser pours forth laudation to (him) with songs'. IV. NOMINAL STEM FORMATION. GRASSMANN, Wörterbuch zum Rig-veda 1687-1738 (list of nominal stems according to alphabetical order of the final letter). - LINDNER, Altindische Nominalbildung. Nach den Samhitās dargestellt. Jena 1878. — WHITNEY, Sanskrit Grammar 1136—1245; Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives, 1885. 112. The bare root, both verbal and pronominal, is often used as a declinable stem. But much more generally the stem in declension is formed by means of suffixes. These are of two kinds: primary, or 1 There seems to be an exception in goes much further, apparently making accen- átaš cid, indra, na úpā yāhi (VIII. 9210) thence, tuation of the second preposition the rule; O Indra, come to us', but úpa here coming cp. DELBRÜck p. 48. at the end of a Pada, is used adnominally with nah. 2 The treatment of two prepositions is on the whole the same in the AV. (cp. WHITNEY, APr. 185 ff.) and the TS. (cp. WEBER, IS. 13, 62 ff.); but the TS. treats some other prepositions like ā, and the MS. 3 Cp. DELBRÜCK p. 47, end. 4 It is not clear why the Pada text analyses forms like ny ásidat (1. 143¹), ny ástaḥ (VII. 1811), vy ásthāt (11. 47) as ní ásidat, ni ástaḥ, ví ásthat. There are about thirty instances of this; cp. WHITNEY 1084 a.
