IV. NOMINAL STEM FORMATION. PRIMARY NOMINAL DERIVATION. 119 I táp-u- 'hot', aś-- 'swift' (as 'reach'); amh-i- 'narrow'; cér-u- 'active' (car- 'move'); dha-y-i- 'thirsty', pa-y-i- 'protecting'; y-i- 'going' (Vya-)²; réku- 'empty' (Vric-). 2. Examples of substantives are: m. grh-i- 'beggar', rip-i- 'cheat'; pipr-u-, N. of a demon; ás-u- 'life', mán-u- ‘man', pad-ú- 'foot', bah-i- 'arm', ams-i- 'filament', vā-y-ú- 'wind'; f. is-u- (also m.) 'arrow', sindh-u- (also m.) ‘river', dhán-u- 'sandbank', párs-u- 'rib', hán-u- jaw'; n. ay-u 'life', ján-u- ‘knee', tál-u- (VS.) 'palate', tráp-u- (AV. VS.) ‘tin', dár-u- (also m.) 'wood', sán-u (also m.) 'summit'; with syncope, ks-- 'food' (ghas- 'eat'); with redu- plication, ti-ta-ü- 'sieve'. a. In a few of these derivatives the root appears with a prefix: upā-y-u- (TS. I. 1. 1¹) 'approaching', ni-cer-i- 'gliding', pra-may-i- (AV.) 'liable to destruction', pari-tatn-ú- (AV.) 'surrounding', sám-vas-u- 'dwelling together'; abhis-ú-³ m. 'rein', vi-klind-u- (AV.) m. a kind of disease. 139. There is besides a large class of agent nouns formed with u not directly from the root but from tense or secondary conjugation stems. 1. From present stems are formed: tany-i- 'thundering' (tanya-ti 'roars'), bhind-ú- m. ‘destroyer' (bhind-ánti 'they spliť), -vind-ú-4 'finding' (vindá-ti ‘finds'); from an aorist stem dáks-u-5 and dháks-u- 'burning'. 2. From desiderative stems are formed i-yaks-i- 'desirous of sacrificing' (Vyaj-), cikits-ú- (AV.) ‘cunning' ( √ cit-), jigis-ú 'desirous of winning' (√ji-), jighats-ú- (AV.) 'greedy' (ghas- 'eat'), titiks-ú- (AV.) 'patient', dits-i- 'ready to give' ( √ dā-), didiks-u-6 (VII. 86³) ‘eager to see' (√ drs-), didhis-i- 'wishing to obtain' ( √ dhā-), dips-ú- ‘wishing to harm' (V dabh-), ninits-ú- 'wishing to revile', bībhats-i- 'feeling disgust' (√badh-), mimiks-i- mingling' (Vmiś-), mumukṣ-ú- ‘desiring release' (√muc-), ririkṣ-ú- ‘wishing to damage' (Vris-), vivaks-ú- (AV.) 'calling aloud' (√vac-), siṣās-ú- (AV.) 'eager to win' (√sā-). 3. From causative stems are formed: dharay-ú- 'streaming', bhajay-ú- ‘liberal', bhāvay-ú- ‘cherishing', maṇhay-ú- ‘liberal', manday-ú- ‘joyous', śramay-i- 'exhausting oneself'; from a causative denominative mrgay-ú- (AV.VS.) m. ‘hunter'. 4. By far the commonest are the derivatives from regular denominatives, of which nearly 80 occur in the RV., and at least half a dozen additional cases in the AV. About 35 of these words are formed from denominative stems in actual use7; thus aghãy-i- ‘nıalignant', arātīy-ú- (AV.) ‘hostile', vasūy-ú- 'desiring wealth', carany-ú- ‘mobile', manasy-u- 'desirous'. A few are formed from pronouns, as ahamy-ú- ‘selfish', asmay-ú- 'favouring us', kimy-ú- 'desiring what?', tvāy-ú- ‘loving thee', yuvay-i- and yuvay-i- 'desiring you two', svay-ú- 'left to oneself'. In the absence of an accompanying denominative, there is the appearance of a secondary suffix -yu (with the sense of 'desiring' or some more general adjectival meaning) attached directly to nouns. Thus there are derivatives in the RV. in which the -as of noun stems is changed to -o, as if the suffix were actually -yu: amho-yú- 'threatening', duvo-yú- 'honouring' beside duvas-yú-, and á-skrdho-yu- 'not niggardly'. -uka : agent. 140. This suffix probably consists of the primary - extended with the secondary -ka. It is very rare in the Samhitās. There is no certain example I Here the y really belongs to the root dhe- 'suck'. 2 Also in the reduplicated form yáy-u- (VS.) 'swift'; the final-ā seems also to be dropped in a-kh-ú- 'mole' (khā- 'dig') and in su-sth-u (standing) well' (stha- 'stand'). 3 Probably from abhi+is- 'rule'. 4 In go-vindé- 'searching for milk'. 5 The Pada text has dhákṣ-u-. Сp. p. 117, note 7. 6 With irregular accent. 7 See the list in LINDNER p. 63.
