IV. Nominal Stem Formation. Primary Nominal Derivation. 131
few masculine and neuter substantives. The radical syllable is accented in two or three substantives only. The suffix is added either directly to the root or with the connecting vowels -a-, -i-, -u-.
Derivatives thus formed are: -pa-Id- (VS.) m. 'guardian' in aja-pald- (VS.) 'goat-herd', suk-ld- (AV.) n. 'white colour' (beside suk-rd- 'white'), sthu-ld- (AV.) 'thick' (beside sthu-rd-); with connecting -a-: trp-d-la- 'joyous', bhrm- a-ld- (AV.) 'torpid', mus-a-la- (AV.) m. 'pestle', sab-d-la- 'mottled', sdm-a-la- (AV.) n. 'defilement'; with -/-: dn-i-la- m. 'wind', trd-i-ld- 'porous', sal-i-ld- 'surging' (beside sar-i-rd- VS. 'flood'); with -u-: tan4-u-ld- (AV.) m. 'grain', iak-u-ld- (AV. VS.) m., a kind of fish.
-//' and -lu : agent.
175. The suffix -// occurs only once as the equivalent of -ri in ang-u-li- (VS^.) f. 'finger' (beside ang-u-ri-). Similarly -lu occurs only once as the equivalent of -ru in pataya-lu- (AV.) 'flying', formed from the conjugation stem patdya- (from pat- 'fly').
-va : agent.
176. This suffix forms about 20 adjectives and seven or eight substantives, mostly mascuhnes with a concrete meaning. With one or two exceptions it is added directly to the root. The accent is rather oftener on the suffix than on the radical syllable. The root hardly ever appears in a strengthened form.
1. Accented on the suffix are the adjectives: Urdh-vd- 'upright', rk-vd- 'praising', rs-vd- 'lofty', tak-vd- 'swift', dhru-vd- 'fixed', pak-vd- 'ripe', mal-vd- (AV.) 'foolish', yah-vd- 'swift', ran-vd- 'joyful', vis-vd-'^ 'all', sik-vd- (AV.) 'deft', sya-vd- 'dark brown', hras-vd- (VS.) 'short'; the substantives: m. Ur-vd- 'stair, sar-vd- (AV. VS.), N. of a god, sru-vd- 'ladle'; f. prus-va- (AV.) 'rime'; vidh-d-va-'^ 'widow'.
2. Accented on the root are: fbh-va- 'skilful', S-va- 'quick', m. 'course', pi-va- 'fat', pur-va- 'preceding', vdk-va- 'twisting', vis-va- 'all', sdr-va- 'all'; m. ds-va- 'horse', khdl-va- (AV. VS.), a kind of grain, srdk-va- 'corner of the mouth'; f. dm-i-va- 'disease' 3.
a. A few such derivatives occur only compounded with prefixes: d-khar-va- 'not shortened', ati-fadva- (VS.) 'too bald', vi-bha-va- 'brilliant'.
-van : agent.
177. This suffix is used almost exclusively to form agent nouns +j both adjectives and substantives, which are mostly masculine, but sometimes neuter. Though the root is regularly accenteds, it almost invariably appears in its unstrengthened form. If it ends in a short vowel -t- is added before the suffix. The feminine of these words is regularly formed with -vari (179 a).
Examples of adjectives are: /^,^-&a«- 'praising', kr-t-van- 'axiXiwe', druh-van- 'injurious', pdt-van- 'flying', pi-van- 'fat'^ ydj-van- 'sacrificing', rd-van- (VS.)
1 Cp. Brugmann, Grundriss 2, p. 126.
2 Cp. Roth, KZ. 19, 223; Brugmann, Grundriss 2, p. 126.
3 Also n. ulba- 'caul' if this stands for
- ulva- from vr- 'cover'.
4 The only action nouns are the few which in the active are employed as infini- tives; cp. Whitney 1169 e.
5 The only exceptions are two words formed with the connecting vowel -i-, mus- i-van- 'robber', san-i-t<ian- 'bestower', and two others from the reduplicated root, r&ra-van- 'liberal', cikit-van- 'wise'.
