170 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. are ádhi 'over', ní 'down', pári 'around', prá 'forward', 'front part of'2, 'extreme' (of high degree), 'great' (in names of relationship), práti ‘against', ví'asunder'³, sám 'together (also sa- in the same sense); and in the later Samhitās, antár 'between', ápa 'away', á 'at hand', úd 'up', úpa 'beside', úpari 'above. The following are examples in the alphabetical order of the prepositions: ádhi-pati (AV. VS.) 'over-lord', ádhi-patnī- (AV. VS.) 'sovereign lady', ádhi-bhojana- ‘additional gift', adhi-rājá- 'supreme king'; antar-deśá- (AV.) 'intermediate region', antaḥ- pátrá- (AV.) inner (= interior of the) vessel'; ápa-rupa- (AV.) 4 'absence of form', 'deformity'; á-pati- (VS. MS. 1. 27) 'the lord here'; *ut-surya- 'sunrise' in otsūryám (AV.) ‘till sunrise' (ā-utsūryám); upa-patí- (VS.) 'paramour' (lit. 'sub-husband'); upari-sayaná (AV.) 'elevated couch'; ni-dhána- (AV.) 'conclusion', ni-pakṣati- (VS.) 'second rib', ni-pādá- ‘low ground', ny-áhna-5 (AV.) 'close of day'; pári-pati- 'lord (of all) around', pari-vatsará- 'full year'; pra- gāthá- (VS.) 'fore-song', a kind of stanza, pra-dís- 'region' and (AV.) 'inter- mediate quarter', pra-dhána- 'prize of battle', pradhvaná- ('forward course', ádhvan-) bed of a river', prártha- (AV.) 'preparation', 'implement'; prá-pada-6 'tip of the foot', prá-uga- 'forepart of the shafts (of a chariot)'7; prá-napāt- 'great-grandson', pra-tatamaha- (AV.) and prá-pitamaha- (VS. TS.) 'great- grandfather'; pra-div- (AV.) 'third (or fifth) heaven', prá-patha- 'distant path', prá-maganda- arch-usurer', prá-vīra- 'great hero', práyus- (MS. 1. 54) 'long life' (áyus); prati-janá- (AV.) 'adversary', prati-divan- 'adversary at play'; vi-dis (VS.) 'intermediate region', vi-madhya- 'middle', vi-manyu- '"longing', ví-vac- 'opposing shout', 'contest', vy-ódana- (RV¹.) 'different food'9; sa-pátnī- 'co-wife', sam-grāmá- (AV.) 'assembly', 'encounter', sam-anīká- 'battle-array' ¹0, sam-bándhu- 'akin', sam-vatsará-¹¹ 'full year'. IO 284. Other indeclinables sometimes occur as first member, but very rarely in the RV. They include a few adverbs and the particles a(n)-, dus-, su-, kim-, ku-: pasca-dosá- (VS.) 'late evening', puró-agni- (VS.) 'fire in front'; a-mítra- 'enemy', á-hotr- (AV.) 'incompetent Hotr'; duc-china- 'calamity'¹²; sú-brāhmaṇa- (AV.) 'good Brahman', sú-bhesaja- (AV. TS.) 'good remedy', su-vasaná- ¹3 fair garment'; kim-purușá- (VS.) a kind of mythical being, kú- śara- (RV¹.), a kind of reed. 4. Bahuvrihi Compounds. 285. The term Bahuvrihi, employed by the Indian grammarians to designate this type, is perhaps the most convenient name for these secon- dary adjective compounds, as it represents their general character both in form and meaning. For the final member is practically always a sub- stantive, and the relation of the first member to the last is mostly attributive Without perceptibly changing the meaning of the final member. 6 Once prá-pad- in AV. 7 Probably for prá-yuga-. 8 From manyú- 'zeal'. 9 This is Sayana's explanation (vividhe 2 This and the following meanings do not occur in the combination of frá with verbs. 3 Expressing separation, extension, deri-'nne) of the word in VIII. 52⁹. vation. 10 From ánīka- 'front'. 11 sám in this compound expresses com- pleteness. 12 Cp. šunám 'with success'. On the Sandhi see p. 31, note 4. 13 Though vasana- has a concrete sense here, the compound may have arisen when 4 In apa-kāmá- ‘aversion' the final member is a verbal noun. There seem to be no cer- tain instances of this kind of compound with ápi: cp. WACKERNAGEL 2¹, p. 259 , note. 5 In ny-artha- 'destruction' the second member is a verbal noun. On the relation of ny-àrbuda- (AV. VS.) and ny-àrbudi- (AV.) the word had a verbal meaning. to árbuda- and árbudi-, see WACKERNAGEL 2¹, p. 260 (top).
