171 (Karmadhāraya), less commonly dependent (Tatpurușa), and very rarely coordinative (Dvandva). The best name otherwise is 'possessive, as this is their meaning in the vast majority of instances. In a few examples, how- ever, the more general sense of 'connected with' (which may usually be ex- pressed more specifically) is required to explain the relation between the substantive and the Bahuvrihi which agrees with it; thus ásva-prstha- 'borne on horse-back', devá-psaras- ‘affording enjoyment for the gods', parjánya-retas- 'sprung from the seed of Parjanya', visvá-krsti- 'dwelling with all peoples', visvá-nara-² belonging to or existing among all men', vīrá-pastya- ‘belonging to the abode of a hero', šatá-śärada- 'lasting a hundred autumns', śúra-vīra- (AV.) 'characterized by heroic men' 'making men heroic' (amulet). V. COMPOUNDS. BAHUVRĪHIS. = 286. Attributive Bahuvrihis. The commonest form of Bahuvrihi is that in which an attributive noun is the first member. It is most fre- quently an adjective, as ugrá-bahu- 'powerful-armed', urvy-uti-³ 'giving wide aiď, jīvá-putra- 'having living sons', śukrá-varṇa- 'bright-coloured' 4. The first member is also often a past passive participle in -ta or -na, the action expressed by which is usually performed by the person denoted by the sub- stantive with which the Bahuvrihi agrees; e. g. práyata-dakṣina- 'he by whom the sacrificial fee has been presented', ratá-havis- 'who offers an oblation'5. The action is, however, not infrequently supposed to be performed by others, always in the case of hata 'slain'; e. g. hatá-vrsn-i- 'whose hus- band has been slain', hatá-mātr- 'whose mother has been slain'. Both senses appear in rātá-havya- 'he by whom' and 'to whom offerings have been made'. An outside agent is sometimes expressed by an additional member at the beginning of the compound, as jīvá-pita-sarga- 'whose streams have been drunk by the living"6. A present participle occasionally occurs as first member; e. g. ā-yád-vasu- (AV.) and sam-yád-vasu- (AV.) 'to whom wealth comes', bhrájad-rsti- 'having glittering spears', rúsad-vatsa- 'having a shining calf', sucád-ratha- 'having a brilliant car'7; also a perfect-participle in dadys- aná-pavi- 'whose felly is visible', yuyujaná-sapti- 'whose steeds are yoked'. a. The first member is further often a substantive used predicatively; e. g. áśva-parna- 'horse-winged' = 'whose wings are horses' (car); indra-satru- ,whose foe is Indra'; tad-id-artha-8 'having just that as an aim', drónāhāva- ,whose pail (ahāvá-) is a trough', siśná-deva- 'whose god is a phallus', súrodaka- (AV.) 'whose water is spirit' (súrã-). The final member is here sometimes a comparative or superlative (including pára-) used substan- tively: avaras-pará-9 (VS.) 'in which the lower is higher' 'topsy-turvy' 10, ásthi-bhuyams- (AV.) 'having bone as its chief part' 'chiefly bone', indra- jyestha- 'having Indra as chief', 'of whom Indra is chief', yamá-śrestha- (AV.) 'of whom Yama is best', sóma-śreṣṭha- (AV.) ‘of which Soma is best'. - - I For other names see WACKERNAGEL 2¹, p. 273 (107 a, note). 2 For several other examples formed with visvá- see WHITNEY 1294 b. = 6 Cp. WHITNEY 1299 a. 7 Cp. WHITNEY 1299 b. 8 Here a pronoun appears instead of a substantive in the first member. 3 Cp. p. 145, note 3. 4 Cp. WHITNEY 1298. 5 The sense is thus identical with verbal determinatives or verbally governing com- pounds such as vājam-bhará- and bharád- vaja 'bearing booty'. In viti-hotra- 'having an invitation sacrifice' 'inviting to sacri- fice', a stem in -ti is used almost like a past participle in -ta; cp. vitá-havya- as a 9, 2) p. 64. name. 9 Here the first member retains the -s of the nom. surviving from the use of the two words in syntactical juxtaposition; the first member also is used substantively in this compound. 10 On eka-pará- (said of dice) see now LÜDERS, Das Würfelspiel im alten Indien (Abh. d. K. Ges. der Wiss. zu Göttingen
