I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. Vedic GRAMMAR. d. There are a few cognate words in which an aspirate is found beside the corresponding media or tenuis: máj-man- 'greatness': máh- 'great'; vi- spulinga-ká- 'scattering sparks': sphur-áti 'darts'¹ e. In a few isolated words a media seems, according to the evidence of cognate languages, to stand for an IE. aspirate: gmá- 'earth', gen. gmás; jmá- 'earth', gen. jmás, inst. jmá; dvár-, dur-² 'door'; majján- marrow'. 24 33. Aspirates in contact with other mutes. Of two mutes in juxtaposition (of which both must be voiced or both voiceless 3), the second only can be aspirated. In such case either 1. the second represents an original aspirate, the first an aspirate or not: e. g. dhat-thás = *dhadh-thás (dha- 'put'); ran(d)-dhi = *randh-dhi (randh- ‘make subject’), uk-thả- ‘song’ = uk-thả- (vac- ‘speak’); vét-tha = *nyld-tha (vid- 'know'); sag-dhi 'help' = *sak-dhi (sak- 'be strong'); or 11 2. the first represents an aspirate media4, the second a dental tenuis 5 which assumes the mode of articulation of the first; e. g. dág-dhr- 'one who burns' (acc.) *dágh-tr- (dah- burn'); -vid-dha- 'pierced' *vidh-ta- (vyadh-); -lab-dha- 'taken' - *labh-ta- (labh-). An intervening sibilant (z s) did not prevent the same result: jag-dhá-, jag-dhváya, jag-dhvá (AV.), a-g-dha (TS.) from ghas- 'eat', gdh representing gzdh- for gzh-t- from għ(a)s-t-. = a. When the first is representing an old palatal aspirate (— zh, IE. ĝħ)6, it disappears after cerebralizing the dental and lengthening the preceding vowel; e. g. udhá- *uz-dhá- for uzh-tá- from vah-tá-7. — b. In a few instances the t does not become dh owing to the influence of cognate forms: thus dhaktam (instead of *dagdham —*dhagh-tám) according to 2. 3. sing. dhak (= *dhagh-t) from dagh- 'reach'; dhat-tám etc. (instead of
- dad-dham for *dhadh-tam) according to 3. sing. dhat (= *dhadh-t), 2. sing. mid.
dhát-se, etc. (= *dhádh-se)³. (if from grdh- ‘be greedy'), bárjaha- 'udder' (if from brh- be great'), sabar-dúgha-, sabar- dhú, sabar-dhik, epithet of cows (if sabar- Gk. pap: BARTHOLOMAE, BB. 15, 18): cp. WACKERNAGEL 1, 108, note, 217 b; ZDMG. 43, 667 f.; 46, 292 (bárjaha-) . = ¹ A few doubtful examples discussed by WACKERNAGEL 1, p. 129 bottom. 2 Op. cit. I, 109, note (mid.); according to BLOOMFIELD, Album Kern, p.193 f., the media is due to the influence of the numeral dva- 'two'. The Five Classes of Mutes. 34. The gutturals. — These mutes, by the Indian phoneticians called kanthya ('produced from the throat'), are minutely described in the Prātiśākhyas as formed at the 'root of the tongue' (jihvä-mula) and at the root of the jaw' (hanu-mula). They are therefore velar¹0 sounds and, as the evidence 3 This was often due to assimilation, the mode of the articulation of the second generally prevailing; e. g. át-ti*ad-ti (ad- 'eat'); vét-tha = *véd-tha; sag-dhi *ak- dhí; the articulation of the first prevails in 33, 2. = 4 An aspirate tenuis loses its aspiration in these circumstances; thus gratti (AV.) for grnath-ti, if this form is derived from grath- 'tie'. 5 There seems to be no example of any other tenuis in contact with a preceding aspirate media within a word, but the result would probably have been the same. There is no example of th becoming voiced in this combination; it remains in dhat-thás (= *dadh-thás). 6 See below 58. 7 According to this rule us-tra- buffalo', could not be derived from vah- 'carry' (as in that case it would have become úḍhra-): cp. WACKERNAGEL I, 111 b, note. 8 Before sibilants, all aspirates as well as mediae become tenues; but according to TPr. xIv. 12, APr. II. 6 (cp. Pr. VI. 15) a tenuis in such a position may be pro- nounced as an aspirate; see WACKERNAGEL 1, 113. 9 See APr. I. 20 and WHITNEY's note. 10 That is, pronounced with the velum or soft palate.
