35² I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. mah 'be liberal' : ma-mah-; mrj 'wipe': mā-mrj-; mṛś- 'touch' : mā-mṛś-; radh- be subject': rã-radh-; ran- ‘rejoice': rā-ran-; rabh- 'grasp' : rā-rabh-; vanc- 'be crooked' : vā-vak-; van- 'win' : vā-van-; vaś- 'desire' : vā-vas-; vas- 'clothe': va-vas-; vāš- 'roar' : vā-vaś-; vṛj- 'twist': vā-vṛj-; vṛt- ‘turn' : vā-vṛt-; vṛdh- 'grow': vā-vṛdh-; vṛṣ- 'rain' : vā-vṛṣ-; śad- ‘prevail' : śã-sad-; sah- 'prevail'
- sā-sah-; skambh- 'prop': cã-skambh-; dī- ‘shine': di-di-; dhī- 'think': dī-dhi-;
pi- 'swell': pi-pi; hid- 'be hostile' : ji-hīḍ- (AV¹.); jū- ‘be swift' : ju-ju-; 'be strong': tu-tu-; śū- 'swell' : sū-śu-¹. tu- a. The reduplication of r (ar) and ? (= al) is always ²; e. g. kr- 'make' : cakṛ-; gydh- 'be greedy' : jā-gṛdh-; klp- ‘be adapted' : cā-kļp-. b. The reduplication of a, i, u is made with a, i, i respectively; e. g. khad- 'chew' : ca-khād-; bhī- 'fear' : bibhi-; budh- "know': bu-budh-. There are, however, certain exceptions to this rule. 1. Roots containing ya or va and liable to Samprasāraṇa in other forms (such as the past passive participle), reduplicate withi and u respectively 3. Those with ya are: tyaj- 'forsake': ti-tyaj-; yaj- 'sacrifice': i-yaj-; vyac- 'extend': vi-vyac-; syand- 'move on' : si-syand- (AV.). Similarly cu- 'stir' : ci-cyu-4 (beside cu-cyu-), and dyut 'shine': didyut-4. Those with va- are: vac- 'speak': u-vac-; vad- 'speak': u-vad-; vap- 'strew': u-vap-; vah- 'carry': u-vah-; svap- 'sleep': su-svap-. The three roots yam- 'reach', van- 'win', vas- 'wear', however, have the full reduplication: ya-yam-, va-van-, vā-vas-; and vac- 'speak' has it optionally: va-vac beside u-vac-5. a. The roots bhu- 'be', su- 'generate', and - lie', reduplicate with a: ba-bhu-; sa-su- (beside su-şi-, AV.); sa-si (in the participle śa-say-āná-) 6. c. In roots beginning with vowels, the reduplication coalesces with the initial of the root to a long vowel; e. g. an- 'breathe': an-; av- 'favour' : äv-; as- 'eat' : as-; as- 'be': as-; ah- 'say': ah-; r- 'go' : ār- (— a-ar-); ap- 'obtain'
- ap-; id 'praise': id-; ir- 'set in motion': i; üh- 'consider': uh. But if the
root begins with i or u, the reduplicative syllable is separated, in the sing. act., from the strong radical syllable by its own semivowel: i- ‘go': 3. pl. iy-ur, but 2. sing. i-y-é-tha; uc- 'be pleased': 2. sing. mid. ūc-i-sé, but 3. sing. act. u-v-óc-a¹. a. Five roots beginning with prosodically long a, reduplicate not with a, but with the syllable an-. Only two of these, both containing a nasal, viz. ams- ‘attain' and añj- 'anoint', make several forms; the former, 3. sing. ān-áms-a and ăn-as-a, pl. 1. ān-aš-ma, 2. ăn cả 3 ăn-aś-úr; mid. sing. I.3. ān-as-é; subj. pl. I. ăn-áś-ā-mahai; opt. sing. I. ān as yam 8; the latter, an-añja (VS. VIII. 29; TS. III. 3. 102); mid. sing. 1. an-aj-é, pl. 3. an-aj-re; subj. sing. I. an-aj-ā; opt. 3. sing. an-aj-yat. The root rdh- (reduced from ardh-) 'thrive', which has a nasalized present stem 9, makes the forms an-ṛdh-úr (AV.) and ān-rdh-e. Through the influence of these nasalized verbs, their method of reduplication spread to two others which show no trace of a nasal anywhere. Thus from arc- 'praise' occur the forms an-rc-úr and an-rc-é; and from arh- deserve', an-rh-úr (TS¹.) beside arh-ire (RV.). There are besides two isolated forms of doubtful meaning, probably formed from 1 The quantitative form of the stem is | 4 Due to the vocalic pronunciation of the governed by the law that it may not contain jy: ciu- and diut-. (except in the 1. sing. act.) two prosodically short vowels; the only exceptions in the weak stem being the two irregular forms tatane, I. sing. mid., and jajanúr, 3. pl. act. Thus sah reduplicates sāsah- and once sasūh- 7 These are the only two examples to be (weak). Cp. BENFEY's articles 'Die Quanti- | met with in the Samhitãs of this form of tätsverschiebungen in den Samhita- und Pada- Texten', GGA. 19 ff. 5 This root thus shows the transition from the full to the Samprasāraṇa redupli- cation. 6 Cp. BRUGMANN, Grundriss 2, 846. reduplication. 2 In most of the forms from a- and r- roots, the Pada text has u. 8 Beside āśatur, āśāthe, etc., from as, the unnasalized form of the same root. Cp. BRUGMANN, Grundriss 2, p. 1211¹. 9 Thus rnádhat, yndhyām, ṛndhánt-, accord- ing to the infixing nasal class. 3 These verbs originally had the full redu- plication ya and va- as is shown by the evidence of the Avesta, which has this only; cp. BARTHOLOMAE, IF. 3, 38 ($ 59).
