VII. VERB. PERFECT SYSTEM. 353 nasalized roots: an-rj-úr (AV¹.), from j- 'attain' (with present stem rñj-)¹, and an-ah-a ², 2. pl. act., perhaps from amh- 'compress' 3³. This form of reduplication evidently arose from a radical nasal having originally been repeated along with the initial vowel, which is lengthened as in many other stems (ca-kan, etc), while the root itself is shortened by dropping the nasal. In the modal forms anaj-ā, ănaj-yāt, ăn-áš-āmahai the reduplicative vowel seems to have been shortened because an- came to be regarded as containing an augment (like ānat, aorist of naś- 'attain') 5. d. A few irregularities in regard to consonants also appear in the formation of the reduplicative stem. I. The root bhr- 'bear' reduplicates with j (as if from Vhr-), making the stem ja-bhr-, forms from which occur nearly thirty times in the RV., beside only two forms from the regular stem ba-bhr-. 2. In forming their stem, the five roots ci- 'gather', ci- 'observe', cit- ‘perceive', ji- 'conquer', han- ‘smite', revert to the original guttural (as in other reduplicated forms) in the radical syllable: ci-ki-, ci-kit-, ji-gi-, ja-għan-. e. The root vid- 'know' loses its reduplication along with the perfect sense. Thus véd-a 'I know'; vid-váms- 'knowing'. Some half dozen other roots show isolated finite forms without reduplication; and four or five more have unreduplicated participial forms. Thus taks- 'fashion' makes takṣ-athur and takṣ-ur; yam- 'guide' : yam-átur; skambh- ‘prop' : skambh-áthur, skambh-ur¹; nind- "blame' : nind-ima¹; arh- 'be worthy': arh-ire; cit- 'perceive' : cet-atur (AV. VS. SV.) 8. Three unreduplicated participles are common: dās-váms- and dāś-i-váms- (SV.) 'worshipping', beside the rare dadās-váms-; mīḍh-váms- 'bountiful'; sāh-váms- 'conquering', beside sasah-váms-. There also occurs once the unreduplicated jani-váms- (in the form vi-janús-ah) beside jajñiváms- 'knowing' (from √jñā-); and the isolated vocative khid-vas may be the equi- valent of *cikhid-vas, from khid- 'oppress'⁹. 2. The Root. 483. Like the present and imperfect, the perfect is strong in the sing. act. Here the root, as a rule, is strengthened, while it remains un- changed in the weak forms. But if it contains a medial a or a final ã, it remains unchanged in the strong forms (except that a is lengthened in the 3. sing.), while it is reduced in the weak. In the strong stem, the radical vowel takes Guņa, but in the 3. sing. a final vowel takes Vṛddhi instead of Guna ™º Thus vi 'enter' makes vivés-; druh 'be hostile', dudróh-; krt- 'cut', cakárt-; but bhi 'fear', 1. 2. bibhé, 3. bibhái-; śru- 'hear', 1. 2. Suśró-, 3. śuśráu-; kṛ- 'make', 1. 2. cakár-, 3. cakár-¹¹ In the weak stem, on the other hand, the root remains unchanged; thus viviš-, dudruh-, cakṛt-, bibhī-, śuśru-, cakṛ-. Some irregularities occur in the treatment of the radical vowel. d. I According to both the infixing nasal class, 3. pl. rnjate, and the á- class, 3. sing. rūjáti. 2 Probably for *änaha; cp. the weak stem sasah beside săsah-. I. The verb root beside caskabh-āná- (AV.), and ninid-úr. 8 With strong radical syllable. 9 DELBRÜCK, Verbnm 148, adds dabhúr, but this is rather aorist (beside perf. debhur). 10 On the origin of this distinction between 3 Cp.DELBRÜCK, Verbum 145, and WHITNEY, the 1. sing. and the 3. sing. cp. J. SCHMIDT, Roots, under anh 'be narrow or distressing". | KZ. 25, 8 ff. and STREITBERG, IF. 3, 383–386. 4 Except in the form an-ámsa (cp. veyk- Tai) beside an-āša (— -ývok-e). 11 This distinction is invariable in the RV., and the rule seems to be the same in the 5 Cp. the Greek aor. inf. év-eyk-eîv and the perfect évveyK-TAI, 6 Cp. BEZZENBERGER, GGA. 1879, p. 818; J. SCHMIDT, KZ. 25, 3; BRUGMANN, Grundriss 2,848. 7 With the strong (nasalized) form of the Indo-arische Philologie. I. 4. | AV. WHITNEY 793 d mentions cakāra as an exception, but this form is 3. sing. in all the passages given in his AV. Index; and jagraha (AV. III. 183) is evidently a corruption; see WHITNEY's note and cp. p. 356, note 9. 23
