386 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. IV. The Future System. WHITNEY, DELBRÜCK, Verbum p. 183-184. AVERY, Verb-Inflection 262. Sanskrit Grammar 931-941; Roots 228 f.; AV. Index Verborum 380. V. NEGELEIN, Zur Sprachgeschichte 86-87. 537. The stem is formed by adding -syá¹ or (rather less frequently with connecting -i-) -isyá' to the root, which gunates a final or a prosodi- cally short medial vowel. As the subjunctive frequently has a future sense, and even the present indicative may have it, the occasion for the use of actual future forms seldom arises in the RV., which forms a future stem from only fifteen roots, while the AV. does so from more than thirty (about eight of these occurring in the RV. also) ². There is only one subjunctive and one conditional form, but some twenty participles occur. - a. In the following stems the suffix -sya is added direct: ksi- 'abide' : kse-syá-3; ji- 'conquer' : je-syá-; dah- 'burn': dhak-syá-; yaj- 'sacrifice': yak- syá-; vac- 'speak': vak-syá-; sū- 'bring forth : sú-sya-4. In the AV. also occur: i- 'go': e-sya-; kṛt- 'cut' : kart-sya-; kram- ‘stride': kram-syá-; gup- 'protect' : gop-sya-; dā- 'give': dã-syá-; ni- 'lead': ne-sya-; mih- 'mingere' : mek-syá-5; yā- 'go' :ya-syá-; yuj- 'join' : yok-sya-6; rādh- 'succeed': rat-sya-; vah- 'carry'
- vak-syá-; vrt- ‘turn' : -vart-sya-7; sad- 'fall' : sat-sya-; sah- 'prevail' : sāk-sya-³;
hā- 'leave': hã-sya-; hu- 'sacrifice': ho-syá-. In the VS. bandh- ‘bind' : bhant-syá-. b. In the following stems the suffix is added with connecting --: av- 'favour' : av-isyá-9; as- 'shoot': as-iṣyá-; kṛ- ‘do' : kar-isyá-; jan- 'beget' : jan-isya-; bhū- 'be': bhav-işyá-; man- 'think': man-iṣyá-; vā- ‘weave': vay-iṣyá-¹⁰; san- 'acquire': san-isyá-; sṛ- 'hasten': sar-isya-; stu- 'praise': stav-iṣyá-. From causative stems: dhr-'support': dhāray-iṣyá-; vas- 'clothe oneself' : vāsay-iṣyá-. The AV. has the following additional stems: gam- ‘go' : gam-isya-; dhy- 'maintain': dhar-iṣyá-; naś- ‘disappear': nas-isya-; pat- 'fly': pat-isyá-; mr- 'die'
- mar-isya-; vad- ‘speak' : vad-isya-; vṛt- ‘turn': vart-isya-"; svap- 'sleep' : svap-
isyá-¹2; han- 'slay' : han-isya-. From causative stems: dus- ‘spoil' : dūṣay- isya-; vr- 'cover' : vāray-isya- ‘shield'. 538. a. Subjunctive. The only subjunctive form occurring is kar-iṣyá(-s) in IV. 30²3,13 b. Conditional. The only example occurring is formed from bhṛ- 'bear'
- á-bhar-isya-t ‘he was going to bear off' (11. 30²).
The following c. Participles. A good many participial forms occur. stems are met with: Active. av-isyánt-¹4, as-isyánt-, e-syánt-(AV.) ¹5, kar-iṣyánt-, kṣe-syánt-, khan- isyant- (TS.), je-syánt-16 (AV.), dā-syánt- (AV.), dhak-syánt, pat-isyánt- (AV.), 1 On the origin of this suffix see BRUG- MANN, Grundriss 2, 747 (p. 1092), who con- nects the işya form with the iş- aorist; and v. NEGELEIN, Zur Sprachgeschichte 86. See WHITNEY's note on AV. xv. 67. 8 An emendation: see note on sāksye. 9 CP. DELBRÜCK, Verbum p. 184. 1º Õp. cit. p. 183. 11 In the form ánvartişye for ánu-vartisye; see p. 11, 18. 2 According to WHITNEY 937 the future is formed from over 60 roots in the TS. but I am uncertain how many of these occur in independent Mantra passages. 12 See WHITNEY's note on AV. xix. 479. 13 The form karişyá (1. 1659) is probably to 3 This is the only stem in which -syá is be explained as the same subjunctive to be read -sia: kşeşiántas. (= karişyás): cp. BR. sv. karişya. 4 This stem has the double irregularity of accenting the root and not taking Guna: cp. the perfect sasūva. 5 The Mss. read mekşámi in AV. VII. 102¹: cp. WHITNEY's note. 6 Doubtful reading see note ³ p.387 on yoksye. 14 Cp. DELBRÜCK, Verbum p. 183. 15 In praisyán (AV. v. 2214), Pp. pra-esyán, hut WHITNEY tra-isyan. 16 In AV. XV. 201 nearly all the Mss. read jyeşyán (as if from Vjyā-) for jesyán.
