I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. b. One locative infinitive is formed from a stem in -tar: dhar-tár-i 'to support' and vi-dhar-tár-i 'to bestow'. c. Eight locatives with a genuine infinitive meaning are formed from stems in -san in the RV. They are: gr-ni-şán-i 'to sing', tar-i-sán-i 'to cross', ne-sán-i to lead', par-sán-i 'to pass', abhi-bhū-sán-i ‘to aid, sū-șán-i 'to swell', sak-sdn-i 'to abide' (V sac-)², upa-str-ṇī-sán-i¹ 'to spread'. a. The form isán-i (II. 2º), seems to be derived from is 'emit' for is-sán-i³. 412 d. Gerund. 589. A considerable number (upwards of 120) of forms ending in -tví, -tvá, -tváya, -tya, -ya occur in the RV. and AV. in the sense of gerunds expressing an action which accompanies or more often precedes that of the finite verb. They are doubtless old cases (the first most probably a locative, the rest instrumentals) of verbal nouns formed with tu, -ti, -i, all of which are also employed in the formation of infinitives 5. The first three are formed from the simple root, the last two from the compounded root. 590. A. a. Of the gerunds formed from the simple root, those in -tví are the commonest in the RV., there being fifteen altogether in the RV. They hardly ever occur in any of the other Samhitās. They appear to be old locatives of stems in tu, which as a rule is added directly to the root, but in two instances with connecting -i-. They are kṛ-tví ‘having made', khā-tví (TS. IV. 1. 14) ‘having dug', ga-tví 'having gone', gü-ḍhví 'having concealed', jani-tví 'having produced, jus-tvī ‘liking', pī-tví 'having drunk', pu-tví 'having cleansed', bhu-tví 'having become', vr-tví 'enclosing', vrk-tví 'having over- thrown' (√vrj-), vis-tví ‘working' (√vis-), vṛṣ-tví 'showering', skabhi-tví 'having propped', ha-tví 'having smitten', hi-tví 'having abandoned (yha-). b. The gerund in -tvá, an old instrumental of a verbal noun in -tu, is formed by nine roots in the RV. and about thirty more in the AV. Those found in the RV. are: pitvá 'having drunk', bhit-tvá 'having shattered', bhu- tvá 'having become', mi-tvá 'having formed' (ma-), yuk-tvá 'having yoked', vr-tvá 'having covered', śru-tvá 'having heard', ha-tvá having slain', hi-tvá 'having abandoned' (√ha-). The forms occurring in the AV. include two formed from secondary verbal stems and three others formed with the connecting vowel -i-. They are: is-tvá 'having sacrificed (√yaj-), kalpay-i-tvá 'having shaped', kr-tvá 'having made', kri-tvá 'trading', ga-tvá 'having gone', grh-i-tvá 'having seized', jag-dhvá 'having devoureď (√jaks-), ci-tvá 'having gathered', cay-i-tvá 'noting', tīr-tvá 'having crossed' (tr-), tr-dhvá 'having shattered'7 (√trh-), dat-tvá ‘having given', drs-tvá ‘having seen', pak-tvá ‘having cooked', pu-tvá 'having purified', bad-dhvá 'having bound', bhak-tvá ‘sharing', mrs-tvá 'having wiped off', ru-dhvá 'having ascendeď, lab-dhvá ‘taking’, vit-tvá 'having found', vrs-tvá 'cutting off' (√vraśc-)8, sup-tvá ‘having slept', stab- dhvá 'having established', stu-tvá 'having praised', sna-tvá 'having bathed', sramsay-i-tvá 'letting fall', hims-i-tvá 'having injured'. One gerund in -tvā also occurs though compounded with a prefix: praty-arpay-i-tvá (AV.) ‘having sent I Formed from the present base. 2 From V/sac-, BR., DELBRÜCK, Verbum 213; from Vsah-, WHITNEY 978. 3 See BÖHTLINGK, pw. s. v, işáni, and cp. WHITNEY 978, OLDENBERG, note on II. 29. 4 Cp. v. NEGELEIN, Zur Sprachgeschichte 91. 5 Cp. BARTHOLOMAE, BB, 15, 227, 239; BRUGMANN, Grundriss 2, 1090. 6 BARTHOLOMAE, loc. cit. 7 tys-två in AV. XIX. 346 is probably to be read triş tvà 'thrice thee'; see WHITNEY'S Translation. 8 See note on AV. VIII, 32 in WHITNEY'S Translation (RV, has vrk-tvá).
