VII. VERB. GERUNDS. 413 in opposition. From the Khilas: janay-i-tvá (1.4³); from the VS. i-tvá (xxxII. 12), vid-i-tvá (xxxı. 18) 'having known', spr-tvá (xxxi. 1) ‘pervading'. c. The rarest gerund in the RV. is that in -tváya, being formed from only seven roots. It appears to be a late formation, occurring only in the tenth Maṇḍala, excepting one example in the eighth (vIII. 100³) in a hymn which is marked by ARNOLD as belonging to the latest period of the RV. Two of these gerunds (gatvaya and hatváya) recur in the AV., which, how- ever, has no additional examples of this type. These forms have the appearance of being datives of stems in -tva, but the use of the dative in this sense is in itself unlikely, as that case is otherwise employed to express the final meaning of the infinitive. Hence BARTHOLOMAE 3 explains the forms as a metrical substitute for a fem. inst. in -tváya (from the stem -tva), or for a loc. of -tua with enclitic à added. There seems to be another possible explanation. Three of the seven forms occurring appear instead of the corresponding forms in tvä of the older Mandalas. Owing to this close connexion and the lateness as well as the rarity of these forms, we may here have a tenta- tive double formation, under the influence of compound gerunds formed with ya which end in -aya, such as ā-dáya 'taking'. I. The forms occurring are kr-tváya (VS. XI. 59; TS. IV. 1. 54) 'having made', ga-tváya 'having gone', jag-dhváya 'having devoured', ta-tváya (VS.xl. 1) 'having stretched', dat-tváya 'having given', dys-tváya 'having seen', bhak-tváya ‘having attained', yuk-tváya 'having yoked', vr-tvåya (TS. IV. 1. 2³; VS. XI. 19) ‘having covered', ha-tváya 'having slain', hi-tváya 'having abandoned'. 591. B. When the verb is compounded, the suffix is regularly either -ya or - tyă. In at least two-thirds of these forms the vowel is long in the RV.4 a. Nearly 40 roots in the RV. and about 30 more in the AV., when compounded with verbal prefixes, take the suffix -ya5. Four roots take it also when compounded with nouns or adverbs. The forms occurring in the RV. are in the alphabetical order of the radical initial: a-ác-ya 'bending', pra-árp-ya 'setting in motion', prati-iṣ-yā ‘having sought for', abhi-up-ya 'having enveloped' (√vap-), vi-kŕt-ya ‘having cut in pieces', abhi-krám-ya 'approaching', abhi-khya-ya 'having descried', abhi-gür-ya 'graciously accepting', sam-gŕbh-ya 'gathering', prati-gŕh-ya 'accepting', anu-ghús-ya 'proclaiming alouď, abhi-cákṣ-yā 'regarding', prati-cáks-ya ‘observing' and vi-cáks-ya 'seeing clearly', ni-cay-ya 'fearing', pari-táp-yā ‘stirring up' (heat), vi-tür-yā ‘driving forth', ā-dá-ya 'taking' and pari-dá-ya ‘handing over', ati-dív-ya 'playing higher', anu-drs-ya 'looking along', abhi-pád-ya 'acquiring', pra-prúth-ya 'puffing out', vi-bhid-ya 'shattering', abhi-bhú-ya 'overcoming', vi-má-ya 'disposing' and sam-má-ya 'measuring out', sam-mil-ya 'closing the eyes', vi-mic-ya unyoking', a-mús-ya 'appropriating', anu-mrs-ya 'grasping', a-yú-ya 'taking to oneself', a-rábh-ya 'grasping' and sam-rábh-ya 'surrounding oneself with', ni-rúdh-ya 'having restrained', abhi- vŕt-ya 'having overcome' and a-výt-ya 'causing to roll towards', abhi-vlág-yä 'pursuing', ni-sád-ya 'having sat down', vi-sáh-ya 'having conquered', ava-sa-ya 'having unyoked', sam-há-ya 'preparing oneself' (ha-'go'). Compounds formed with adverbs are: punar-da-ya 'giving back', mitha-sprdh-ya 'vying together'; and with nouns, karna-gyh-ya 'seizing by the ear', pada-gyh-ya 'grasping by the foot', hasta-grh-ya 'grasping by the hand'. 1 The MS. has also the form sam-iray-i- två: WHITNEY 990 a, 2 Vedic Metre p. 283. 3 BB. 15, p. 239, 12. + Cp. WHITNEY 993 a. 5 On the gerund in -ya cp. NEISSER, BB. 30, 308-311. 6-yu-ya is also compounded with ni- and vi-.
