I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. The additional roots thus compounded in the AV. are: ud-uh-ya 'having carried up', a-krám-ya 'stepping into' and pari-krám-ya 'striding about', sam-gir-ya 'swallowing up', sam-gyh-ya¹ 'having grasped' 2, vi-cchíd-ya 'having cut asunder', upa-dad-ya 'putting in' (da- 'give') ³, abhi-dhá-ya 'encircling', vi-dhi-ya 'shaking off', para-ni-ya 'leading away', a-pád-ya ‘arriving at' and pra- pád-ya 'going forward', sam-pa-ya 'drinking up', vi-bháj-ya 'having apportioned', (caus. of bhaj-), sam-bhi-ya 'combining", ni-májj-ya 'having immerged' (V majj-), apa-má-ya 'having measured off'4, apa-mij-ya 'having wiped off', sam-rábh-ya 'taking hold together', a-rúh-ya 'ascending', sam-lip-ya 'having torn up'5, upa-vis-ya 'sitting down', pari-vis-ya 'attending upon', sam-sá-ya 'sharpening', a-sád-ya 'sitting upon' and ni-sád-ya 'sitting down', sam-sic-ya 'having poured together', apa-sidh-ya 'driving away', sam-sív-ya 'having sewed', nih-sýp-ya 'having crept out', ati-şthá-ya 'excelling', prati-sthá-ya ‘standing firm', ut-tha-ya 'arising'. From the VS.: ni-sir-ya (xVI. 13) 'having broken off', sam-sij-ya (XI. 53) 'having mingled', ati-há-ya (xxv. 43) 'having missed'. b. Roots which end in a short vowel, either originally or after losing a nasal, add -ṭyā (nearly always in RV.) or -tya instead of -yằ, when com- pounded. The following gerunds are thus formed in the RV.: -i-tya 'having gone' with api-, abhi- and a-, -í-tya with abhi- and prati-; ā-gá-tyā 'having come' (Vgam-), à-di-tya 'regarding', a-bhý-tya 'bringing', vi-há-tya 'having driven away' (han-); and with adverbial prefixes aram-ký-tya 'having made ready', akhkhali-ky-tya 'shouting'. From the Khilas: aty-á-hr-tya (IV. 529). 414 The AV. has the following gerunds from nine additional roots nir-f-tya 'separating' (?), abhi-ji-tya 'having conquered', and sam-ji-tya 'having wholly conquered', a-tá-tya7 'having expanded', apa-mi-tya 'having borrowed' (√ mā-), ud-ya-tya 'lifting up', pra-á-vr-tya 'having enveloped', upa-sri-tya 'having over- heard', ud-dhy-tya 'having taken up' (√/hr-); also in composition with a sub- stantive: namas-ký-tya. The VS. has upa-stu-tya (xxI. 46) 'having invoked' and pra-stu-tya (xXI. 46) 'having lauded'. VIII. INDECLINABLES. I. Prepositions. GAEDICKE, Der Akkusativ im Veda (Breslau 1880), p. 193-210. WHITNEY, Sanskrit Grammar 1077-1089, 1123-1130. DELBRÜCK, Altindische Syntax p. 440-471. Cp. BENFEY, Vollständige Grammatik 241 and 784. BRUGMANN, KG. p. 457-480. J. S. SPEIJER, Vedische und Sanskrit-Syntax, Grundriss 1. 6, 87. - L 592. Two classes of prepositions are to be distinguished. The first class embraces the genuine or adverbial prepositions. These are words with a local sense which, being primarily used to modify the meaning of verbs. came to be connected independently with the cases governed by the verbs thus modified. They show no signs of derivation from inflexional forms or (except tirás and purás) forms made with adverbial suffixes. The second class embraces what may be called adnominal prepositions. These are words which are not compounded with verbs, but govern cases only. As regards form, they almost invariably end in case terminations or adverbial suffixes. 2 The gerund ā-ghrá-ya (AV. xIx. 85), the reading of the text, is not found in the Mss. and is doubtless wrong; cp. WHITNEY'S Index Verborum. 3 From the present base of Vda-, cp. WHITNEY 992 a.. 4 apa-má-ya is a conjectural reading. but I -ghya also appears compounded with | 5 v. NEGELEIN 92 gives -vidh-ya (Vvyadh-) ni-, vi- and prati-, and -sus-ya as occurring in the AV. they are not to be found in WHITNEY'S Index verborum. 6 See note on AV. X. 22 in WHITNEY'S Translation. 7 Conjectural reading in AV. xx, 136³; see WHITNEY's Index Verborum
