I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. b. di-, which occurs only in yá-di 'if', is perhaps related to dā. 634. -dhā forms adverbs from numerals or words of cognate meaning, with the sense of '(so many) times', 'in (so many) ways', '-fold'; thus eka- dhá (AV.) 'singly', dvi-dhã 'in two ways', tri-dhā and tre-dhá 'triply', catur-dhá 'fourfold', so-ḍhá ‘in six ways', dvādaśa-dhá (AV.) 'twelvefold'; kati-dhá 'how many times?', tati-dhá (AV.) 'in so many parts', puru-dhá 'variously', bahu- dhá ‘in many ways', viśvá-dhā² 'in every way', saśva-dhá 'again and again'; priya-dhá (TS.) 'kindly', pre-dhå (MS.) 'kindly', bahir-dhá (VS.) 'outward', mitra-dhá (AV.) in a friendly manner'; á-dha and (with shortened final) á-dha 'then', a-d-dhá ('thus' =) 'truly'; sáma-dhā ³ (Kh. 1. 114) 'in the same way'. a. sa-dha-, occurring as the first member of several compounds, in the sense of ('in one way' =) 'together', is probably formed with the same suffix, the final vowel being shortened+; in independent use it appears as sahá 'with's. With the same criginal suffix appear to be formed other adverbs in -ha; thus i-há 'here' (Prākrit idha), kú-ha 'where?", visvá-ha6 and višvá-hā? 'always', sama-ha 'in some way or other. 426 635. -va, expressing similarity of manner, forms two adverbs: i-va 'like', 'as'8; e-vá, often with lengthened final, e-vá 'thus'. -vám appears beside -va in evám 'thus', which occurs once in the RV. (x.151³) instead of evá, and a few times in the AV. with vid- 'know'; it is also found in the SV. (1.3.1.1⁰⁰): ná ki evám yátha tvám 'there is nothing such as thou'. 636. -vát forms adverbs meaning 'like' from substantives and adjectives; e. g. angiras-vát ‘like Angiras, manu-vát ‘as Manu (did); purāna-vét, purua- vát, pratna-vát ‘as of old'. In origin it is the accusative neuter (with adver- bial shift of accent) of the suffix -vant, which is used to form adjectives of a similar meaning (e. g. tvá-vant- ‘like thee'). 637. -sás is used to form adverbs of measure or manner with a distri- butive sense, often from numerals or words implying number; thus fata-sás (AV.) 'by hundreds', sahasra-śás 'by thousands'; śreni-śás 'in rows'; similarly rtu-śás 'season by season', deva-sás 'to each of the gods', parva-sás joint by joint', manma-śás 'each as he is minded'. 638. -s forms two or three multiplicative adverbs: dví-s 'twice', tri-s 'thrice', and probably catúr for *catúr-s (cp. Zend cathrus) 'four times'. The same suffix forms a few other adverbs: adhá-s 'below' (cp. ádha-ra 'in- ferior), avá-s 'downwards' (from áva 'down'), -dyú-s9 (from dyú- 'day') in anye-dyú-s (AV.) 'next day' and ubhaya-dyú-s (AV.) ‘on both days'; perhaps also in avi-s 'openly' and bahi-s 'outside' 10. 639. -hi forms a few adverbs of time from pronominal roots; thus kár-hi 'when?', tár-hi 'then?' The first part of these words seems already to contain an adverbial suffix 2 (thus ká-r Lat. cur) ¹3. 640. There are also some miscellaneous adverbs consisting of isolated - ¹ Cp. BRUGMANN, KG. 585. 8 In the late parts of the RV. and in the 2 The final vowel of purudha and višvádhā | AV. iva has often to be read as va; cp. appears shortened before a double consonant | ARNOLD, Vedic Metre 129, but see OLDEN- in the RV. 3 Cp. sama-ha. 4 As in ádha, purudhá, višvádha. 5 See above 58, 2 a (p. 52). 6 Just as višvádha beside višvádha; but cp. BRUGMANN, KG. 582. 7 On the other hand viśváha 'always' is víšvā áhã 'all days' (alle Tage') with a single accent, like a compound; see GRASS- MANN, S. V. = BERG, ZDMG. 61, 830. 9 See MERINGER, IF. 18, 257; cp. RICHTER, IF. 9, 238; SCHULZE, KZ. 28, 546. 10 Cp. BRUGMANN, KG. 584. II amúr-hi, etár-hi, yár-hi also occur in B. 12 Cp. avá-r, which occurs once beside the usual avá-s. 13 Cp. BRUGMANN, KG. 583.
