VIII. INDECLINABLES. ADVERBIAL CASE-FORMS. words or small groups, mostly of obscure origin, formed with other suffixes. The latter in alphabetical order are: 427 -a: kv-à (always kú-a) 'where?' and a-dy-á' 'to-day'. -ar pún-ar 'again' and sasv-ár 'secretly'. -ā: antar-á 'between', pur-á 'before'; perhaps also in nána 'variously', which may be ná-na 'so and so' from the pronominal root na-². -it: daksin-it 'with the right hand'; and -vit in cikit-vit 'with deliberation'. -u: ját-u 'ever', mith-u 'wrongly', múh-u 'suddenly'; anu-şth-i 'at once' ('standing after', from Vstha-, cp. su-sth-ú 'in good state'). -ur: muh-ur 'suddenly'. -k: jyó-k 'long'. In several other adverbs -k with more or less probability represents the final of a root; thus ninik 'secretly' (probably from *nini-ac- adj. 'secret'), madrik 'towards me' (contracted from madriak, neut. adv. of madríac- adj. ‘turned to me'); ānu-sák 'in succession' ('following after' : √/sac-); ayu-sák with the cooperation of men' (sac- 'follow'); usá-dhak 'with eager consumption' ('eagerly burning' : √ dah-). -tár : prà-tár 'early' and sanu-tár 'away' (621). -túr : sani-túr ‘away' (620). -nám : nữ-nám 'now' and nānā-nám ‘variously' (642 d). B. Adverbial Case-forms. 641. A large number of case-forms of nominal and pronominal stems, often not otherwise in use, are employed as adverbs. They become such when no longer felt to be case-forms 3. Forms of all the cases appear with adverbial function. Nominative. Examples of this case are prathamám 'firstly', dvitiyam 'secondly'; e. g. divás pári prathamám jajne agnir, asmád dvitiyam pári jātávedāḥ (x. 45¹) 'Agni was first born from heaven, secondly he, Jātavedas, (was born) from us'. Such adverbs are to be explained as originally used in apposition to the verbal action: 'as the first thing, Agni was born'. A masculine form has become stereotyped in kí-s as an interrogative adverb; its negative forms ná-kis and má-kis are often used in the sense of 'never' or simply 'not'. 642. Accusative. Adverbs of this form are to be explained from various meanings of the accusative. The following are examples of nominal forms representing: a. the cognate accusative: rcá kapótam nudata pranódam (x. 165³) 'by song expel the pigeon as expulsion'; citrám bhanty usásah (vI. 65²) 'the Dawns shine brightly' (= ‘a bright scil. shining'); marmṛjmá te tanvàm bhúri kŕtvaḥ (III. 184) 'we adorned thy form many times' (originally ‘makings'); similarly dhṛṣnú 'boldly', purú 'much', 'very', bhiyas 'more'; and the compara- tive in -taram added to verbal prefixes; e. g. vi-tarám ví kramasva (IV.18¹¹) 'stride out more widely'; sam-tarám sám siśadhi (AV. VII. 16¹) 'quicken still further'; prá tám naya pra-tarám (x. 45°) 'lead him forward still further'; úd enam ut-tarám naya (AV. VI. 5¹) 'lead him up still higher'; so also ava-tarám, paras-tarám, para-tarám 'further away', and the fem. accusatives sam-tarám and paras-tarám (AV.). 1 Cp. REICHELT, BB. 25, 244- 2 Cp. op. cit. 839; PERSSON, IF. 2, 200 ff., 'anf diese (oder) jene Weise'; BARTHOLOMAE, IF. 10, 10-12, originally 'separatim'. 3 On the distinction between case function and adverbial nse see BRUGMANN, KG. 571.
