43⁰ I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. = They are angá; áha`, gha, ha (the last two less emphatic than áha); smă; svid (generally following an interrogative) 'pray'; vái, nearly always following the first word of a sentence. Three particles which emphasize the preceding word more strongly in the sense of 'certainly', 'in truth', are kila (+ AV.), khálu (RV¹, not in AV.), bhála (RV¹. AV¹.). In the RV. tú usually empha- sises exhortations = 'pray', but sometimes also statements = 'surely'; once (VI. 295) it seems to mean 'but', which is its sense in its single occurrence in the AV. The particle ná, when it means 'as it were', 'like', was in origin probably an emphatic particle 'truly' 2. 647. There are several conjunctional particles, some of which are com- pounded. ³ 'now', 'again', is commonly used deictically and anaphorically after pronouns and verbs. Both u-tá and ca mean 'and'. ca when compounded with the negative particle as caná originally meant 'not even', but the negative sense generally disappears and caná turns the interrogative pronoun into an indefinite, as káś caná 'some one'4. ca when compounded with id, that is céd, means 'if'. nu 'now' generally follows the first word of the sentence. The disjunctive particle is vā 'or'. hí (generally following the first word of a sentence) expresses the reason for an assertion = 'for', 'because'; it is also used with imperatives, when it means 'then'. It occurs once in the RV. (VI. 48) compounded with the negative ná, but without change of meaning: hind 'for'. — 648. The negative particle which denies assertions is ná 'not'. Its compound néd (= ná id) expresses an emphatic 'not'; it is, however, usually employed in the final sense of 'in order that not', 'lest'. Its compound ná-kis often means 'never', and ná-kīm, in the only two stanzas in which it occurs (VIII. 78 5), has the same sense. The negative also occurs twice (x. 54²; 84³) compounded with nú as nanú, which expresses a strong negative 'not at all', 'never'. When it is compounded with hí as nahi, the latter word retains the meaning of both particles: 'for not'. = má 'not' is the prohibitive particle regularly used with the injunctive 5. It is compounded with the petrified nom. -kis and acc. -kīm to má-kis and má-kīm. The former frequently and the latter in its only two occurrences mean 'never'. a. Adverbial words occurring in compounds only. 649. A limited number of words of an adverbial character have either entirely lost or, in a few instances, nearly lost their independent character, being found in combination with half a dozen particular verbs or as the first member of nominal compounds. In two or three examples the original independence of such words can still be traced. 650. A few mostly onomatopoetic reduplicative words appear only compounded with the roots kr- ‘do' and bhū- 'be', the prefixed form generally ending in -a, once in -ī: thus akhkhali-kŕtya6 (VII. 103³) ‘croaking', alala- Another frequent particle of the same | junctive, nor the imperative, nor the opta- meaning, íd, has already been mentioned tive except in the form bhujema; see among the pronominal accusative adverbs. DELBRÜCK p. 361 (top). In the Khilas it occurs two or three times with the 2. impv.; pasya (111. 1517), tistha (IV. 525), and once at least with the subj.: vadāti (1.95): MS. vádeti. = 2 Greek val, Lat. nae, cp. Lith. nei ‘as it were' (cp. BRUGMANN, KG. 839); this sense of ná is generally explained as derived from the negative ='not (precisely): see WHITNEY 1122 h; cp. BB. 22, 194 ff. 3 On the Sandhi of u, see above 71, Ib. 4 Cp. DELBRÜCK, op. cit. p. 544- 5 It is not used with the ordinary sub- 6 This is the only instance of the prefix ending in -ī instead of -ã in the RV. In the AV. - appears before forms of kr- in the nominal compounds väti-kyta- and vätī- kārá-, designations of a disease.
