VIII. INDECLINABLES. PARTICLES. bhávant- (IV. 186) 'sounding merrily'; janjana-bhávant- (vIII. 438) 'sparkling'; kikirá kṛṇu (VI. 537) 'tear to tatters'; maşmasá-karam (AV. v. 238) 'I have crushed', masmasá kuru (VS. xI. 80) and mrsmrsá kuru (MS. II. 77) 'crush', malmalā- bhávant- (MS. II. 139; TS. 1.4. 34¹) 'glittering', bharbhará-bhavat (MS. II. 2³: B.) 'became confounded'; bibiba-bhávant- (MS. 1. 65: B.) 'crackling'. 651. The adverb āvís ‘openly', 'in view', is found in combination with the verbs as-, bhu- and kr- only. With the latter it means 'make visible', e. g. āviş karta (1. 86⁹) make manifest'. With the two former, which are sometimes omitted, it means 'become visible', ‘appear'; e. g. āvís sảnti (VIII. 8²³) ‘being manifest'; ävir agnir abhavat (1. 143²) ‘Agni became manifest'. pra-dúr, lit. 'out of doors', begins to appear in the AV. in combination with √bhū-, meaning 'become manifest', 'appear'. 431 652. The word śrád, which originally probably meant 'heart, is often found in combination with dha- 'place', in the sense of 'put faith in', 'credit', nearly always, however, separated from the verb by other words, e. g. śrád asmai dhatta (II. 125) 'believe in him'; śrád asmai, naro, vácase dadhatana (VS. VIII. 5) 'give credence, O men, to this utterance'. It also appears in the substantive srad-dhá- 'faith'. The word is once also found with kr- in the sense of 'entrusť: śrád víšvā váryā kṛdhi (VIII. 75²) 'entrust all boons (to us)'. 653. The interjection hín is compounded with kr-'make' in the sense of 'utter the sound hint', 'murmur'; thus gáur . . hínn akṛṇot (1. 164²) ‘the cow lowed'; hin-kṛnvatí (1. 16427) lowing'; hin-kṛtāya sváhā (VS. XXII. 7) 'hail to the sound hin'; tásma usá hín-krnoti (AV. IX.645) 'for him the dawn utters hin'. 654. A few substantives, after assuming an adverbial character, are found compounded with participial forms. ásta-m 'home', which still appears as a noun in the RV., though commonly used adverbially in the accusative with verbs of motion, is combined like a verbal prefix with participles of i- 'go' in the AV.: astam-yánt- setting', astam-esyánt- 'about to set', ástam-ita- (AV.XVII. 1²3) ² 'set'. The noun námas- 'obeisance' is similarly compounded in the gerund with ky -'make' in the AV.: namas-kŕtya ³. In the RV. itself names of parts of the body, with no tendency otherwise to adverbial use, are thus compounded with the gerund of grah- 'seize': karna-gfhya 'seizing by the ear', pada-grhya 'seizing by the foot', hasta-gfhya 'grasping the hand'4. The transition to this use was probably supplied by nouns compounded with past participles, as sáhas-krta- 'produced by force'. 655. There are besides a few monosyllabic adverbial particles which occur as prefixes compounded with nominal forms only. By far the most frequent of these is the negative prefix, which appears in the form of an- before vowels and a- before consonants. It is compounded with in- numerable substantives and adjectives, but rarely with adverbs, as a-kútrā 'to the wrong place', a-punár ('not again' =) 'once for all'; án-eva (AV¹.) 'not so'. 656. sá-, as a prefix expressive of accompaniment, is employed as a reduced form of the verbal prefix sam 5, and interchanges with saha-; e. g. sá-cetas- 'accompanied by wisdom', 'wise', beside sahá-cchandas- 'accompanied with songs'. 1 See UHLENBECK, Kurzgefasstes Etymo-| language, but the independent form namas logisches Wörterbuch der altindischen kytvā is occasionally found; cp. Bṛhaddevatā, Sprache, Amsterdam 1888–89, s. v. śraddhá. 1. I, critical note in my edition. 2 For some other later nominal compounds of this kind see WHITNEY 1092 c. 3 This is the regular form in the later 4 Cp. WHITNEY 990 b and above 591 a (p. 413, bottom) and 591 b. 5 Cp. above 250.
