The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments of Great Britain/General Index
GENERAL INDEX.
A
Abbott, Mr. J. W. Lewis, on minute flint tools, 325
Aberdeenshire, flint workshops in, 22
Abnormal peculiarities in celts, 130
Abrasion of flints by fire-producing, 315, 318, 416, &c.; by hammering, 217, 413, &c.
Abydos, Egyptian arrow-heads from, 393, 395
Achilles, spear of, 4
Adams, Dr. Leith, Guernsey arrow-head factory traced by, 401
Adder-stones, 437
Adhémar, M., as to date of Glacial Period, 705
Admixture of objects of different periods, 210, 475, 479' 487, 492
Adzes, in Burma and Assam, 59; of Clalam Indians, 165; of New Guinea, 162; Polynesian, of basalt, 69; bronze, 4; with carved handle, 166, 167; celts adapted for use as, 94, 122, 124, 135; of chalcedonic flint, 138; hafting of, 164, 165; for hollowing canoes, 165, 166; of horn, carved, 435; of mussel-shell, 182; perforated, 188-192; uses of, 215
Æfric's Glossary on Stan-æx, 145
Æneid, mention of bronze arms in, 4
Africa, sacrificial use of stone in, 10; flint flakes in diamond diggings of, 277
Agate, arrow-heads of, 406; chisel of, 40; gun-flints of, 21
Agatharchides on Egyptian chisels, 6
Ages, Stone, Bronze, and Iron, succession of, 2
Agricola, Georgius, on Brontia and Ceraunia, 64
Agriculture, possible use of stone implements in, 71, 205, 645
Ahts of North America, fern-roots eaten by, 250; mussel-shell adzes used by, 182
Aithadh, or elf-shot, 365
Akerman, Mr., on Lapp burials of needed objects, 283
Alaska, stone hammer from, 25
Albania, gun-flint making in, 21
Albite, chloritic, celts of, 109
Aldrovandus, his culter lapideus, 289; on the Glossopetra, 363; on Roman stone weapons, 362; his securis lapidea, 157; on stone implements, 63, 64
Aleppo, threshing instrument from, 284
Aleutian Islanders, thong-drill used by, 48
Alexius Comnenus, celt presented by, to German Emperor, 59
Alger, Mr., on level of Waveney Valley, 683
Algeria, flakes from, 287
Algonquins, form of club used by, 424
Allée couverte of Argenteuil, perforated pebbles from, 465; stag's horn socket from, 160; worked blade from, 327
Alluvium, beds of, between stalagmitic layers in caverns, 479
Almond-shaped implements, 647
Alteration in structure of flint, 487, 497, 513, 556, 596, 659, 660
Alum, its wood-preserving power, 152
"Amazon axe," 184
Amber, beads of, in interment, 429; cup of, at Hove, 449; with perforated axe, 185; with whetstone, 268; importation of, to Britain, 449; piece of, in interment, 149; plates of, for necklaces, 460; studs or buttons of, 456
America, doubtful evidence of palæolithic remains in, 654
Ammonites in barrow, 467; their use as "cramp-stones," 470
Amulets, arrow-heads mounted as, 365, 367; celt probably used as, 145; of iron-ore in interment, 313; Portuguese decorated, 470; of schist, 463; stones in interment as, 466, 468, 469
Anchorites, Dr. Grew's description of, 364
"Ancient Meols," Hume's, referred to, 439
Anderson, Dr. J., experiments with flint implements, 320, 408; on polished stone discs, 440
Andrée, Richard, on beliefs concerning stone weapons, 60
Angelucci, Capt., stone arrow-head factory discovered by, 402
Anglesea, querns in, 259
Anglo-Saxon burial ground, flint and steel in, 283
Animals, carvings of, on weapons, 215, 435; engravings of, on Egyptian gold haft, 359; extinct, their co-existence with man, 513, 524. &c.
Antiquity of celts, 143, 150; of man in Britain, 704; of river-drift implements, 700
Antlers of deer, celt-sockets made from, 160; circle of, in barrow, 466; used as picks at Cissbury, 79; flat instrument of, 432; at Grime's Graves, 33
Anvils, stone, early use of, 245; recent use of, 11, 232
Apaches of Mexico, arrow-head making among, 24; hammer-hafting, 239
Arabs, arrow-head charms among, 367
Archer, Mr. F., neolithic flakes fitted on to core by, 20
Arctic fauna, of Crayford beds, 607; northward retreat of, 486; of Salisbury beds, 689; plants, fossil, at Hoxne, 577
Ariantes, his method of numbering the people, 368
Armlet on arm of skeleton, 429; bronze, in cromlech, 464; "coal-money" the central disc of, 465; of jet, lathe-turned, 464
Arrow-flakers, 37, 416
Arrow-flaking, art of, in America, 42; experiments on, by author, 41; use of fossil ivory for, 37
Arrows and arrow-heads, African and Asiatic, 405; American, 406, 407; Arab, 367; of the Bushmen, 370; Californian, 39, 40; Danish, 35, 306; Egyptian, 368, 369, 395 Eskimo, 25, 37; French, 395, 400-402; Gelderland, 403; German, 403; Greek, 368; Indian, 405; Irish, 365, 370, 399, 400; Italian, 359, 402; Japanese, 405; from Lake-dwellings, 402; Lycian, 410; Mexican, 39; Patagonian, 406; Persian, 394, 396; Peruvian, 407; Russian, 404; Scottish, 386; Scandinavian, 353, 404; Spanish, 403; Swiss, 409; Virginian, 37; barbed, 380-390; bone, 210, 361; bronze, scarce in England, 368; chisel-ended, 409; crescent-shaped, 396; detachable from shaft, 370; double-pointed, 386; featherless, 410; iron-tipped, 394, 396; leaf-shaped, 373-378, 484; lozenge-shaped, 378, 484; manufactories of, 268, 280, 359, 401, 402; methods of shafting, 408, 410; modern use of, for fire-producing, 397; in necklaces, 10, 366; notched, 372, 396, 406; poisoned, 361, 370; single-barbed, 385, 393, 396; stemmed, 379; successive developments of, 369; superstitions concerning, 362-367; triangular, 390; in human vertebræ, 375, 396, 406
Arrow-shafts, concave scrapers for fashioning, 320; grooved pebbles for straightening, 268; Irish, 408; South American, 407
Art, works of, in caves, 484, 523, 657
Arundelian marbles as to date of discovery of iron, 4
"Asbestos," ligniformed, whetstone of, 352
Ash, Irish arrow-shaft of, 408; in brick earth at Hoxne, 537
Ashes of bone in hyæna den, 518
Asia, beliefs in, concerning celts, 59
Asphalte, use of, in mounting Swiss celts, 163
Assagais, Kaffir mode of shafting, 410
Assiut, figures from tomb at, 369
Astropelekia, 59
Atkins, Mr. E. Martin, abraded pyrites found by, 318
Atkinson, Rev. J. C, barrows examined by, 211
Attrition of teeth by gritty food, 253
Atys, stone knife used by, 9
Augustus, bronze arms as antiquities in time of, 4
Australians, celts handled by, with gum, 137, 170, 171; flint an article of barter among, 80; flints mounted by, as saws, 277, 293; grinding nardoo-seeds, 243; hatchet-hatting among, 233; pounding-stones of, 243, 245; tomahawks, mode of mounting by, 166; tools of, 97
Authenticity of palæolithic implements, 658, 659
Awls, bone, from Kent's Cavern, 506; bone instruments used as, 432; bronze, in interments, 84, 186; bronze, with wooden shaft, 462; flint, 321-325; periforated, 323; use of, in sewing leather, 433
Axes, 32, 63, 149; halting of, 155-163, 168, 160; used in the hand, 151; of Montezuma II., 157; hieroglyph of Nouter, 62
Axes, perforated, Brazilian, 157; in Brittany, 212; Danish, 32, 186, 205; French, 186; German, 145, 186, 191; Greek, 205; Kjökken-mödding, 69; Lake-dwellings, 158; Mexican, 191; Scandinavian, 187, 215; of basalt, 186; boring of, 46-52; with carved handles, 167; classification of, 184; contemporaneous with bronze, 193, &c.; cutting at one end, 192, &c.; double-edged, 184-192; fluted, 203,211; grooved, 168, 169; hafting of, 151-171; hollowed on sides, 209; in interments, 83, 163, &c.; large and heavy, 198, 199; little used by modern savages, 215; lozenge-shaped, 213; ornamented, 196, 209, 211; pointed at one end, 188; single-edged, 184, 192-196; superstitions concerning, 62, 63, 65, 145, 146; of ulna of whale, 435
Axe-hammers, 168, 200-205
Aymara Indians, hatchet-hafting among, 169, 239
Ayre, Col., R.A., 78
Aztecs, their method of stone working, 23; their stone mortars, 257
B
Babington, Prof. C. C, on flint hammer from Burwell, 538
Bætuli, virtues of, 65
Bahia, stone club from, 251
Baines, Mr., on Australian stone-working, 26
Balanus, presence of, in Stour Valley, 621
Ball of Towie, 421
Balls, stone, carved, 422; in lead mines, 234; perforated Peruvian, 232; possibly used in games, 244; their use among Eskimos, 219; in grinding corn, 253; as hammers, 249; with channelled surface, 420-423
Ballast for railways, implements found in, 573, 578, 632, 633, 639
Barbers, Mexican, their obsidian razors, 290
Barbs of arrows, various forms of, 380, &c.
Bark, Australian hammers hafted with, 167, 168
Barlow, Mr. F. Pratt, pointed drift implement found by, 619
Barnwell, Rev. E. L., on Welsh hammer-head, 226
Barrows, bronze and flint found together in, 397, &c.; chambered, bone chisel in, 433; cups of shale in, 445; fossils in, 466, 467, 469; gold cup in, with bronze dagger, 449; jet ornaments in, 265, 454, &c.; long, leaf- shaped arrow-heads. in, 377; necklaces in, 456-463; pebbles in, 443; pyrites and flint in, 265, 467; spindle whorl of clay in, 439; stag's horn hammer in, 434
Barry, Mr. F. Tress, 227
Barter, flint an Australian article of, 80; flints at Cissbury probably formed for, 80; finely worked daggers procured by, 414
Bartlett's "History of Manceter" referred to, 187
Basalt, axe hammer of, in interment, 467; heads of, 186, 194, 197, 202, 208, 211, 214; celts of, 106, 114, 140; hammers of, 25, 223; hatchets, 34, 85, 170; late use of, for anvils, 232; maul of, 234
Basaltic rock, African flakes of, 288
Bastard gouges, 180-182
Bast-fibre, its use in arrow shafting, 409; used in weaving, 436
Bate, Mr. Spence, 266, 279
Bateman, Mr., on pebbles in interments, 467
"Bâtons de commandement," in La Madeleine caves, 484
Bats, stone, possibly used for preparing hemp, 257
"Batting-staff," 256
Battle axes, 195, 197, 207; with amber cup in coffin, 449
"Battling-stones," 257
Baudot, M., on flakes in interments, 283
Bauerman, Mr., on stone hammers in Egyptian mine, 581
Baye, Baron Joseph de, 160
Beads, amber, 457, 459, 460; animal fibre used for stringing, 459; like arrow-heads, 367; bone, 432, 456, 457; with spiral pattern, 211; glass, 437, 456: jet, 83, 394, 457-462; Kimmeridge clay, 309, 457; of peculiar shapes, 463; quartz, 465; shale, 463; various, 457-463
Bear, chipped tooth of, 503; bones of, in position at Brixham, 513
Beauty, materials chosen on account of, 224, 227, 406, 466
Beckmann quoted as to date of flint-locks, 17
Bed-stone and rolling pin, 250
Bees-wax and mastic, axes mounted with, 170
Beetles, elytra of, in brick-earth. 536
Beger, "celtes" first named by, 55
Belcher, Sir Edward, on Eskimo arrow-flaking, 37, 39; "flensing-knife," 292; stone working, 25; stone planes, 299
Bell, Mr. A. M., discoveries of implements by, 503, 610
Bellilah, Australian mode of pounding, 245;
Belt, the iate Mr. Thomas, on Hoxne deposits, 576
ΒΕΝΙΠε, interpretation of, 5
Bennett, Mr. F. G., implements found by, 536, 627
Bernays, Mr. E. A., palæolithic implement found by, 611
Bicarbonate of lime, proportion of, in chalk-streams, 675
"Bill." meaning of, 146
Bipennis, 146
Birds, remains of, in Fisherton beds, 631
Bison, caves of the age of the, 481
Bitumen, use of, in Swiss Lake-dwellings, 170, 292, 409; Egyptian arrows secured to shaft by, 369
"Black balls," present use of, in ballots, 468
"Black-boy gum," flints mounted in, 277
Blackmore, Dr. Humphrey P., drift implements found by, 627, 628, 635
Blacksmiths, modern, their mode of hafting chisels, 168, 233
Blades of flint, crescent-shaped, 355; Egyptian, 354; from Kent's Cavern, 496
Blanford, Mr. W. T., Indian drift implements found by, 651
Blunting of battle-axes, 196, 207
Boars' teeth in interments, 83, 148, 328, 427
Bodkin of wood in urn, 433
Bodmann, flint manufactory at, 22
Bohemian stone axes, 51
Bolas, present mode of using, 422
"Bolthead, the flat," 364
Bonardo on flint arrow-heads, 364
Bone, arrow-heads of, 21, 361, 402; awl, 523; beads, 211, 432, 456; blade of, flint flakes inserted in, 277, 294; chisels, 177; harpoons of, 277, 394; instruments in interments, 313, 314, 431, &c.; needles, 321, 433, 523; objects of, in caves, 484, 488, 492, 523, &c.; late Roman, 144; pins, 34, 40, 83, 186, 431, 432; plate of, perforated, 428; rounded piece of, 34; single-barbed arrow-head of, 409; tools of, Eskimo, 410; tube, 268; used in arrow-chipping, 39, &c.; wedge for working obsidian, 24
Bones, crushing of, probably for marrow, 25, 239, 504, 657; gnawed, 486, 508; human, with those of extinct animals, 481, &c.; mineral condition of, in caves, 508
Borers or awls, 321-325
Boring of stone, methods of, 47, 48, 52; incomplete, of stone implements, 205, 206, 226
Bos primigenius, celt imbedded in skull of, 91, 92; longifrons not found in Britain before neolithic times, 486
Botocudo Indians, their method of hafting, 156; their use of stone blades, 171
Boulder, cup formed from, 450
Boulder Clay, anterior to implementiferous deposits, 577, 685, 697; East Anglian, 683
Boulders, American use of, 235; used as hammers, 233, 234
Bourgeois, Abbe, on human works in Pliocene times. 658
"Bournes," causes of intermittence of, 664
Bow, use of, not general among savages, 360
Bows and arrows, Egyptian carved figures armed with, 369; myth concerning, 361
Bowen, Mr., as to African "thunderbolts," 60
Box, stone, containing red pigment, 264
Bracelets (see Armlets)
Bracers, 425-435, 456
Bracken, use of, as food, 250
Brandon, manufacture of gun-flints at, 14, 17
Brazilian stone axe, 157
Breach through the chalk range near Bournemouth, 605
Breccia, formation of, in caves, 479; implements from, in Kent's Cavern, 495; mace-head made of, 232
Brent, Mr. John, implements found by, at Reculver, 613-620
Briar-wood shaft, arrow-head found with, 408
Brick-earth, implements from, 530, 536, 542, 548; old land surface underlying, 598
Bright spots on drift implements, 565, 659
Briquets with flints in graves, 283, 397; bruising of flints by the use of, 315
Brittany, superstitions regarding celts in, 57; early incised drawings of celts in, 62
Brixham Cave, discovery of, 490; fauna of, 513; implements of, 513-516; section of, 512
Broch of Lingrow, 416, 440
Brochs, cups in, 414, 440; querns in, 259; stone and bronze in, 440; whetstones in, 269
Bronze Period in Egypt, 6; in Greece and Italy, 4, 5; probable duration of, 704
Bronze, armlets of, 459; arms, mention of by Homer, 4; arrowheads, 368; awls, 84; bucket, 451; celts, 213, 268, 453; celts mounted in stag's horn, 428; chisels, 6; dagger with ox-horn hilt, 265; daggers, 185, 193. 194. 208, 227, 398, 427, &c.; earrings, 207; Egyptian hatchets, 169; finger-ring, 398; "hammer-stone," 246; implement found at Ploucour, 340; knife in interment, 195; knife, socketed, in Kent's Cavern, 492; mining instruments, 6, 233; moulds for celts, 269; needle, central-eyed, 433; pal-staves, 163; pins, 267, 269; tube, 49; tweezers, 433; use of, in Britain, 147; use of, contemporaneous with that of stone, 84, 143, 211, 331, &c.
Brooch of metal in interment, 214; possible use of ring as, 466
Brooke, Mr. J. W,, his implements from Fordingbridge, 633
Brown, Mr. J. Allen, on minute flint tools, 325; researches at Ealing, &c., 591; Mr. James, drift implements found by, 622, 625, &c.
Browne, Sir Thomas, on slickstones, 441
Brun, M. V., his explorations at Bruniquel, 296
Brunswick, first use of flint-locks by soldiers of, 17
Buckland, the late Mr. Frank, 291
Buckman, Prof. J., manufactory of celts recorded by, 35
Buschan, Dr. G., on prehistoric spinning, 437
Buick, Dr., on Irish arrow-heads, 365, 370
"Bulb of percussion," 274
Bunyard, Mr. G., drift implements found by, 618
Burma and Assam, stone adzes in, 59
Burnishers of stone, 103, 139, 442
Burton, Dr. J. Hill, on elf-bolts, 366
Bushmen, arrows shafted by, with ostrich-bones, 410; ostrich-egg-shell fragments perforated by, 277; poisoned arrows of, 370
Bustards, flint arrow-heads abraded by gizzards of, 396
Butt end of celt, definition of, 66; roughened for insertion into socket, 128
Buttons, early use of, 452; of jet in interments, 453, 455, &c.; possible use of perforated discs as, 439
C
Cæsar, Julius, Gaulish use of iron in time of, 10
"Caillouteur," daily production of gun-flints by, 21
Cairns, stones thrown on, 282
Calc-spar, sling-stones of, 418
Calcareous nodule, celt formed from, 115; incrustations on palseolithic implements, 659, 660
Caledonians, their early use of iron, 11
Calendering effected by slick-stones, 441
Calendrine, in Cotgrave's Dictionary, 441
Califomians, arrow-head making among the, 423; grooved stones of the, 268; knife, 273
Calmucks, use of military flail among the, 423
Calvert, Mr. F., implements found by, near the Dardanelles, 652
Cambodia, superstitions as to celts in, 60
Camenz, bronze tube found at, 49
Cane, possible use of, in stone-drilling, 50
Canoes, adze for hollowing, 165, 166; celts found with, 129, 150; gouges for hollowing, 178; hollowed by horn chisels, 434
Cantabria, imperial omen in, 65
Carbonic acid, its solvent power on chalk, 477, 675, &c.
Caribbean character of certain implements, 129, 130, 168, 169
Caribs, axe-hafting among, 155, 218; their shell gouges, 182
Carreg-y-Saelhau, or stone of the arrows, 262
Cartailhac, M., his sections of San Isidro valley, 529
Carved representation of celt in dolmen, 153
Carvings in caves, 484, 523
Cassava bread, stone slabs for cooking, 440
Catlin, Mr., on American flaking-tools, 24
Cattle, elf-arrows the cause of disease among, 365, 366; protection of, by witch-stone, 470; snake-bitten, how to treat, 437
Cave-bear, age of the, 481
Cave-deposits, rarity of large implements in, 641
Cave-dwellers, their mode of living, 657
"Cave-earth," 479, 492
Cave-implements, 473, &c.
Cave-remains prior to Neolithic times, 482
Caves, alternate tenancy of, by man and beasts, 479; chronological sequence of contents of, 475, 481-485; deposits of, compared with river gravels, 474; early use of for habitations, 126; formation of, 477, 480; ossiferous, 474, 476; sepulchral, 126 ; stalagmite of, 479
Brixham, 512-516
Creswell Crags, 522-524
French, arrowheads in, 396; bone and horn objects in, 177, 321; character of implements of, 53; flint flakes in, 292; hammer-stones, 248; quartzite flakes, 281, 292; serrated flakes, 296
Gibraltar, bone objects in, 177, 433; long flake in, 287; saddle-quern in, 252; sandstone plate in, 428; stone chisel-gouge in, 182
Happaway, 517
Kent's Cavern, 488-511
Long Hole, Gower, and other Welsh Caves, 521
of Palestine, early sepulture in, 9
Tor Bryan, 516
Wookey hyæna-den, 517-520
Cavities in gravel, how formed, 556, 557, 561
Celte, occurrence of, in Vulgate, 55
Celts, suggested etymology of, 55; superstitions concerning, 56-65 ; classification of, 66
ground at the edge, 90-97
polished, with abnormal peculiarities, 130; accompanying interments, passim; approximate date of, 147; broken, conversion of, into other implements, 242, 248, 339; bronze, from barrows, 213, 268, 309; chisel-like, 103, 120, 121; classification of, 98; with cutting-edge blunted, 138; with flattened sides, 110-119; found in canoe, 150; grooved or notched, 136; mode of hafting, 151; oblique-edged, 113, 124; oval in section, 122, 129; perforated, 142; range of, in time, 147, 150; recent use of, by Irish weavers, 440; rectangular in section, 119-122; sharpened at both ends, 118; stag's-horn sockets for, 163; for use in hand, 133, 136, 171; various uses of, 171, 172
Cembro pine, Siberian stones for crushing nuts of, 245
Cements used in hafting implements, 170, 171; bituminous, in Swiss hafting, 292, 409
Cemetery, Frankish, of Samson, 397
Cerauniæ, old German authors concerning, 63; Sotacus on the, 64, 480; Pliny concerning, 65
Cereals, absence of, among cave-dwellers, 657
Ceremonial stone-adze, 167
Chafing-dish of stone, 445
Chalcedonic flint, celts of, 92, 138; Egyptian blades of, 359; serrated arrow-head of, 385
Chalcedony, American lance-head of, 337; Chilian arrow-heads of, 406; gun-flints of, 21; harpoon-points of, in Greenland, 405; implements of, their French provenance, 80; Mexican dagger-blade of, 354; ornamental hammer of, 226; small Indian cores of, 23
Chaldaeans, their reverence for the hatchet, 62
Chalk, absorbent nature of, 663; carved cylinders of, 421; cups of, 34; cup-shaped vessels of, 450; districts, implementiferous gravels in, 663; mining in, for flints, 33, 79, 172; solution of, by carbonic-acid-charged water, 477, 557, 675; "subterranean reservoir" in, 664
Chamacocos, socketed axes among the, 157
Champignolles, pit for extraction of flint at, 35
Changes, geological, in cave regions, 521, 525; affecting the River Drift, 662, &c.; coastline affected by, 695
Chantre, M., 133; on hafting of celts by savages, 164, 244; drift implement found by, in Euphrates valley, 653
Charms, arrow-heads used as, 364-366; hereditary custody of, 469; perforated pebbles as, 231
Charruas, the, lenticular sling-stones used by, 418
Charters-White, Mr., on the attrition of teeth by grit, 253
Chert, balls of, 249; British celt of, 65; cores of, in Welsh caves, 521; Eskimo use of, for arrow-heads, 25; implements of, in Welsh caves, 581; Irish tool of, 175
Chester, the late Rev. Greville J., barrow examined by, 463
Chieftainship, decorative weapons a mark of, 226
Children, quartz pebbles in interments of, 467
Chinese, use of military flail among the, 423
Chipping flints, relation of, to grinding, 85, 86, 290
Chisels, blacksmiths' present mode of hafting, 168, 233; bone, 177, 433; bronze, in Egyptian gold-mines, 6; of deer's horn, 434; distribution of, 177; Maori hafting of, 178; and picks, 173-177
Chlorite, whetstone of, 269; slate, plates of, in interment, 398
Chloritic albite, celts of, 109; stone, hatchet and haft made of one piece of, 171
Chronology of Neolithic Period, difficulty of ascertaining, 471; of the River Drift attempted, 705, &c.; of stone implements, purely retrogressive, 473
Cidares, fossil, in interments, 469
Cilix, myth of, 313
Circles, concentric, on stones, 463
Circular habitation, stone cup in, 430
Circumcision, use of stone knives in, 9
Cissbury, flint manufactory at, 33; objects found at, 32, 81; Neolithic fauna at, 80; General Pitt Rivers' explorations at, 78-82
Cists in barrows, objects found in, 248, 330, 453-456, &c.
Civilization of maritime tribes in time of Cæsar, 10; degree of, among the cave-dwellers, 657
Clach-nathrach, 437
Clalam Indians, 165, 166
Clan Chattons, stone charm in the possession of the, 469
Claudian, religiosa silex of, 10; flint and steel mentioned by, 16; on the ceraunia of Pyrenean caves, 481
Clavigero on the rate of obsidian working, 24; on metal Mexican axes, 155
Clay, burnt, loom weights of, 443
ironstone, celt of, 120
pipe, implement found in, 602
slate, celts of, 65, 106, 114, 136
valley-forming in, 677
vessels, instruments possibly used in shaping, 266, 432, 434
Climate, zoological evidences as to change of, 584, 609
Clinch, Mr. G., 248; ovate implement found by, 604
Clod-crusher of stone, 239
Cloth, Irish, celt used for giving gloss to, 440
Cloud River Indians, use of bone punch by, 25
Clouston, Mr., drift implements found by, 597
Club, so-called, of hone slate, 118
"Coal money," 447, 448; traces of lathe on, 465
"Coast finds," so-called sling-stones in, 419
Coast line, variations in, 617, 695
Cochet, Abbé, on flints in Merovingian interments, 314
Cocks, metallic, pole lathe still used for making, 447, note
Codrington, Mr.T., on Southampton drift, 626; on Hampshire deposits, 687, 688; on origin of Solent, 690, 692; his section across Isle of Wight, 693
Coffin of oak in barrow, 185; at Hove, contents of, 449
Coin de foudre, 57
Collections of Aymard, M., of LePuy, 114, 202, 402; Banks, late Rev. S., 103, &c.; Beloe, Mr. E. M., 142; Borgia, 62; Bourgeois, Abbé, 322; Braybrooke, the late Lord, 144, 173; Brent, the late Mr. J., 102, 613, 618, &c,; Brooke, Mr., of Marlborough, 18, 107, 227, &c.; Chaplain Duparc, 43; Christy, passim; Cursiter, Mr., of Kirkwall, 124, 171, 190. 221, 224, 252; Clément, Dr., 161; Courvale, M. de, 161; Duke, the late Rev. E., 267; Durden (in Brit. Mus.), 69, 93, 125, 126, 174, 176, 230; Evans, passim; Finlay, late Dr., of Athens, 114, 205; Flower, the late J. W., 74, 93, 107, 125, 175, 247-255, 291, 295, 309; Foresi, 367; Greenwell, passim; Jewitt, the late Mr. Llewellynn, 198, 202, 352; Klemm, 49, 157, 163, 165, 252, 294; Litchfield, Mr., 326; Lucas, the late Mr. J. F., 96, 107, 136, 343, 352, 463; Meyrick, 195, 351, 423, 575, &c.; Monkman, the late Mr. C, 92, 121, 122, 188, 191, 319, 333, 334, 342; Mortimer, Messrs., of Driffield, passim; Neuberg, Baron de, 51; Perthes, Boucher de, 226, 327; Poley, the late Rev. W. Weller, 341; Ransom, Mr. W., 196; Reboux, M., 187; Rivers, General Pitt, 88, 140, 144, 155, 231, 247, 277, 278 279, 309, 332, 334; Sturge, Dr. Allen, see Greenwell; Warren, the late Mr. Joseph, of Ixworth, 88, 110, 113, 192, 229, 539
Comb-like instruments in Kent's Cavern, 489, 492
Commerce in amber, 449
Commodus, the Emperor, his skill in archery, 396
Cone of percussion, 273, 274
Congarees, stone implements of the, 241
Continent, British connection with, in Drift Period, 698
Contracted position in interments, 149
Conyers, Mr., "British weapon" found by, 581, 582
Cooking vessels of steatite, 451
Copeland, Colonel A. J., 173; pointed drift implement obtained by, 613
Copiapo, human vertebra, with arrow-head embedded, found near, 406
Copper, bracelet of, 405; needle, 440; smelted, in Kent's Cavern, 492
Copper mines, American, stone hammers in, 235; of Maghara, 6; objects found in old workings of, 233; Spanish, &c., mauls found in, 234
Corbicula fluminalis, former presence of, 578, 584, 586; found above worked flints, 606; found below drift implements, 621
Cores or nuclei, 20, 23, 276; boat-shaped, 27; and flakes, their mutual relation, 31, 272; possibly resulting from tube-boring, 47; flint, used as hammers, 248; occasionally- used as sling-stones, 419; palæolithic, from Kent's Cavern, 503; flakes refitted to, 20, 598, 606; long, their absence from River Drift, 648
Corisco, Portuguese name for stone axe, 59
Corn-crushers from Swiss Lake-dwellings and others, 246, 250; -grinding, Irish, 251, 258; -mills, stone spindles for, 242
Coscinopora globularis, possible use of, as beads, 657
Cotton, Mr., his gift of flint arrow-heads to Dr. Plot, 362
"Cramp-stones," ammonites used as, 470
Crannog, possible hatchet-haft found in, 155; ridged hammer stones in, 247; scraper from, 310; polished stone discs in, 440
Craveri, Signor, on Mexican arrow-making, 39
Crawshay, Mr. de B., palæolithic implements found by, 605, 608
Crayford beds, Arctic fauna of, 607
Crescent-like implements, 559, 571
Crinkling of flint dagger-handles, 359
Croll, Mr., as to date of Arctic Period, 705
Cross-bow, use of by Romans, 411
Cross-chipping, practice of, in Scandinavia, 28; shewn by Greek obsidian cores, 28
Crystal, balls of, in Merovingian graves, 470; arrow-heads of, 406; quartz, modern use of as pick, 235; used as drill, 322
Culter lapideus, 289
Cuming, Mr. Syer, as to so-called club, 118; on slickstone, 442
Cuneus fulminis, 63
Cunnington, Mr. W., barrows examined by, 83, 460; celt belonging to, 91
Cup-shaped, marks on stones, 245; vessels of chalk, 450, 451
Cups in interments, of hollow flints, 83; ornamented, 148; earthenware, 149; rude, 266; with pyrites, 313; with jet objects, 352; containing arrow-heads, 399, 432; with gold ornaments, 427; with amber beads, 429; handled, 444, 449; turned in lathe, 446-449; wooden, 448; of amber, 449; of gold, 449
"Curing-stones," 469
Currier's tool, perforated stone used as, 442
Curved edge to implements, 576, 624; knives, 355-358; recess in palæolithic flake, 555
Gushing, Mr., arrow-head made by, 39
Custom House rates, "slick-stones" in table of, 441
Cutting powers of flint, 289
Cutting tools of slaty stone, 344; for holding in hand, 247; modern use or, 348
D
Dacotahs, pump-drill used by, 48
D'Acy, M. E., on implements of the French caves, 511
Daggers, bronze, in interments, 185, 193, 194, 208, 211, 212, 214, 268, 269, 331, 398, 448; with gold on handle, 227; fluted, 331
Dagger-knives, bronze, in interments, 265, 309, 313; flint, 208, 313; highly worked Danish, 413, 414
Damour, M. A., on materials of celts, 66
Dana on the malleability of meteoric iron, 5
Danish flint daggers, ornamentation of, 42; perforated celts, 114; celts of great size, 118; tumuli, iron found in, 144; handled scrapers, 308; graves, needles in, 433
Darbishire, Mr. R. D., finds of celts, 84, 152, 236
Darwin, Mr. W. E., 624
Daubrée and Roulin, M.M., on Mexican razors, 290
David, possible nature of his sling, 417
Dawkins, Prof. Boyd, on flints upon Roman sites, 283; on the fauna of British caves, 485; on human skull in Cheddar cave, 486; on condition of bones from cave-earth, 508; on Brixham cave, 512; on Welsh caves, 521; on Crayford beds, 607; ovate implement found by, 611; on possible glaciation of N. Britain in Mammoth period, 697; on the extinction of some Post-Glacial animals, 704
Dawson, Mr. W. C, on a supposed hafted celt, 153
Débâcle, results of, on the Rhine, 672
De Bonstetten, 287, 470
Decorations, personal, 452-472
Deer, representations of on stag's horn adze, 434, 435
Deer's horn, see Stag's horn
Deluge, stone implements taken as evidence of, 526
Dendritic-markings on implements, 558; as testimony to authenticity of implements, 659; to what cause due, 660
Denmark, approximate dates of Periods in, 2, 23; bracers in, 430; cores of boat-shaped form from, 27; square-sided hatchets from, 32; grinding stones, 43; mode of testing thunderbolts in, 57; general use of flint for celts in, 85; comparative rarity of arrow-heads in, 404
Denudation, opening of caves by, 478; of the Fen country, 680, 681; of Hampshire gravels, 688
Deposits, implementiferous, due to river action, 696; marine, in Fen gravels, 681, 686; ossiferous, in caves, 478; in valleys, varying with the elevation, 699, 701
Depressions for holding, worked in cutting tool, 344
Desor, Professor, on method of boring stone, 51; referred to, 159, 161, 310
Detritus, amount of, brought down by rivers, 667, 705
Deventer, modern use of stone axe at, 157
Devonian limestone, caverns in, 491, 512
Dickinson, the late Mrs., on collective burial of celts, 75; her collection referred to, 93, 465
Diodorus Siculus on the use of stone in embalming, 8; on the implements of the Ichthyophagi, 288
Diorite, axe-hammer of, 205; axe-head of, 213; bastard-gouge of, 182; polished celt of, 107; ring of, 465
Discs, imperforate, 440
perforate, of dolerite, 230; as fly-wheels of drilling-sticks, 231; of jet, 455; ovoid, in Kent's Cavern, 493; possible uses of, 244, 439; quoit-like, 440; sharp-rimmed, 216
Discoidal implements possibly used as missiles, 648
Discoloration of flints, evidence afforded by, 659, 660, 661
Dish with lid, 451
Dishes, stone, 440; with handles, 451
Distaff and spindle, recent use of, 436, 437
Divining, grooved stone used in, 470
Dog, bones of in cist, 426; first appearance of, in Neolithic times, 486
Dolmens of Brittany, arrow-heads in, 385, 400; axe-hammer in, 212; carved illustration of celt in, 153; jadeite celts in, 109; chisel-ended implement from, 305; long whetstone from, 268; pyrites and flint in, 318
Dolomieu, on French gun-flint making, 18; his estimate of work of Caillouteur, 21
Dolomitic conglomerate, cave in, 517
Domestic use, instruments for, 436, 599
Donderbeitels and Donnerstein, 58, 63
Dordogne caves, objects from, 262, 292, 296, 312, 329; nature of, 476; deposits in, 478, 480
Doughty, Mr. Charles M., his finds at Hoxne. 376
Douglas, Mr., suggestion as to celt in interment, 145
Downes, Mr. W., chert implement found by, 639
Drainage area of ancient Solent River, 691, 692
Drift-stages of the Darent Valley, 690
Drill, antiquity of use of, 48; hollow, probable use of in America, 50
Drilling by flint flakes, 321; by quartz crystals, 322
"Drinking cups." See Cups.
"Druidical circle," 149; objects found in, 197
Druten-stein, as charm against witches, 469
Dubois, Dr., his Pithecanthropus, 703
Dugdale, Sir William, on stone celts, 3
"Dug-out" canoes' hollowed by stag's horn chisels, 434
Dunn, Mr. E. J., African drift-implement found by, 653
Dupont, Dr E., on a worn nodule of pyrites, 318; his investigation of Belgian caves, 481; his classification of cave deposits, 482
D'Urban, the late Mr. W. S. M., on the ballast pit at Broom, 639
E
Ear-rings, bronze, in interment, 207
Earthenware, cup of, in interment, 149; spindle whorls of, 439
East Anglia, relations of palæolithic deposits in, 577
Eben, double meaning of, 443
Echini, fossil, in interments, 468, 469
Edkins, Mr. Joseph, on stone hatchets in China, 114
Eggs of wild goose, portions of in Fisherton beds, 631
Egypt, boring by tubes in, 51; drill and bow used in, 48; early use of sling in, 417; evidence as to date of iron in, 6; flakes from, replaced on each other, 20; meteoric origin of iron used in, 5
Egyptian arrows, chisel-shaped, 368, 395, 409; blades, leaf-shaped, 8, 354; flint flakes, 287; knives, leaf-shaped, 8; knives of polished stone, 6, 348; knives, ripple-marked, 359; mode of mounting adzes and hatchets, 167, 169; notched hammer, 169; sickle, mounting of flakes in, 297, 358; soldiers, carved wooden, 369; wrist-guards, 430
Elagabalus, the Syrian god, 10
Elephant-bed at Brighton, 622
Elf-arrows, 362-366; -bolts, 387; probable interment of as charms, 397; -darts, mounted as amulets, 365; -shot, arrow-heads as protection against, 365
Elissa, bronze sickle of, 5
Embalming, use of stone implement in, 8
Emery-powder, alleged use of in drilling meres, 52
Encampments, ancient, presence of flakes in, 280, 281
Engelhardt, M. C, his method of preserving wood, 152
Engelhardt, M., on the formation of ground-ice, 671
Engravings on bone by cave-dwellers, 484, 523, 657
Enniskillen, late Earl of, on Irish gun-flints, 397
"Eolithic," use of term deprecated, 762
Erosion of valleys, 665-671; chronological data from, 707
Eskimos, their arrow-flakers, 25, 37, 412, 414; ball-weapon, 219; bone harpoons, 394, 505; bone tool for straightening arrow-shafts, 410; flail stone, 219; "flensing knife," 292; hammer of jade or nephrite, 25; iron knife of, 293; meteoric iron used by, 5; mode of hafting knives, 347; pyrites, their use of for producing fire, 15, 317; steatite cooking vessel, 451; stone scrapers, 39, 298, 299, 344; stone scrapers used as planes, 299; weighted throw-strings, 422; whetstones for bone implements, 268; wrist-guard, 430
Etruscan necklaces, arrow-heads as charms in, 65, 366; tombs, gold wreaths for, 84
Euphotide or Gabbro, hatchet chipped of, 36
Europe, early use of the bow in, 360
Evans, Mr. Arthur John, implement found by, 72; Dr. Philip Norman, drift implements found by, 518, 617, 635, 636
Evolution of arrow-heads. 369
Experiments on arrow-flaking by pressure, 39; on arrow-shaft forming, 320, 408; on fashioning a hatchet, 36; on drilling bone, 321, 322; on drilling stone, 48, 50; on sawing stone, 45; on tree-cutting, 69, 162; on the wearing of flint flakes, 504; on woodcutting, 297
External flakes defined, 641
F
Fabricators and flaking-tools, 412-416; dagger-hilts used as, 413, 414
Faces of celts, definition of, 66
Fairy darts, effect of on cattle, 365, 366; millstones, 437
Falconer, the late Dr. Hugh, on the "bulb of percussion," 274; his work at Brixham cave, 512; on tooth found at Wookey, 520; on worked flints at Abbeville, 527
Fauna, climatal changes shown by, 486, 584, 631, 689; mammalian, altered by man, 482; Brixham, 513; of the caves, 479, 483-486; Creswell, 521; French, 510; Happaway, 517; Kent's Cavern, 507, 508; Long Hole, Gower, 520; Palæolithic and Neolithic compared, 485; Tor Bryan, 517; Welsh, 521; Wookey hyæna den, 519; of the River drift near Aylesford, 611; Bury St. Edmunds, 542, 543; changes of, between Drift and Surface Periods, 704; Fisherton beds, 631; French, 528; Hitchin brick-earth, 537; Lark valley, 543, 550; Little Ouse valley, 551, 556, 561, 569; northern character of in high level gravels, 699; Ouse gravels, 533-538; Spanish, 529; Thames valley, 586, 591; molluscan, at Bury St. Edmunds, 540; of Cam, 539; characteristic of brackish water, in Stour valley, 621; of Fisherton beds, 631; of Hitchin brick-earth, 536; at Hoxne, 575; of Little Ouse valley, 551; marine, in Fen gravels, 681; of Milford Hill, 632; of Ouse gravel, 531-3; at Stutton, 578; in Thames valley, 584, 585
Feathering of arrow-shafts, 410
Felsite, hammer-head of, 230; ovate implement of, 591.
Felstone, implements of, 66, 96, 116, 119, 124, 135, 521, 566; spherulitic, celt of, 124
Fenni, use of bone arrow-heads among the, 361
Fens, denudation of the, 680, 681
Fergusson, Mr. James, on the three Periods of antiquities, 3; on changes in the Ganges delta, 667
Fern roots used as food by the Ahts, 250
Fibrolite, traces of sawing on French hatchets of, 43; Spanish celt of, 44; hatchet, 144; stone resembling, celt of, 188
Fibula, pins and skewers made from the, 431
Fibula, Roman, found with celt in Saxon grave, 144
"Finger flints," 416; -ring, spiral, of bronze, 398
Fire-arms, flints used for, 17
"Fire-drill," widespread use of, 48
Fire, early use of flints for procuring, 15; early modes of producing, 312, 313; use of pyrites in producing, 15, 315; traces of, on bones in caves, 510
Fish, scales of, in river drift, 540, 541
Fisher, Rev. Osmond, 538; on successive Palæolithic Periods, 568
Fishing, mode of twisting lines for, 437
Fishing-hooks of combined flint and bone, 294
Fishing Indians, use of sinkstones by, 236
Flail, military, its nature, 423
"Flail-stones," 218, 230; possibly whetstones, 269
Flakes, "bevel-edged, 546, 559; as borers, 321; broad, 701; circular, 341; in caves, 492, &c.; classification of Neolithic, 275; or Palæeolithic, 641; effects of different uses on, 289; external, 275, 641; as fish-hooks, 294; flat, 276, 642; hafted, 228, 229, 292, 293, 327; in interments, 279, &c.; leaf-shaped, 326, &c.; long, 28, 35, 641, 642; manufacture, &c., of, 22, 35, 83, 606; manufacture of for gun-flints, 19, 20; minute, 325; modes of fracture of, 272; notched by use, 642; on Palæolithic floor, 586, 598, 606; polygonal, 276, 642, 643; rarely ground at edge, 290; relation of cores to, 20, 31, 272; replacement of, on cores, by Mr. Archer, 20; by Mr. W. Smith, 20, 586, 598, 599; by Mr. Spurrell, 20, 606; ridged, 275, 641; in River Gravels, 536, 546, 555, 586, &c.; on Roman sites, 283; row of, mounted as knives, &c., 293; row of, as armature of sickles, 297; sawing by means of, 45; as scrapers, 298, 312; serrated, 294-297; side scrapers, 548, 643; square-ended, 597; of Surface Period compared with Palæolithic, 642; Swiss, mounted, 292; tools employed for making, 24, 25; triangular, 340, 343; trimmed, 326, &c., 642; wide range of, 283, 288
Flaking tools, 24, 412; probable uses of, 413; dagger-hilts used as, 414
Flax, possible use of stone bats in preparing, 257; early use of, for weaving, 436
"Flensing-knife," Eskimo, 292; Shetland blades resembling, 347
"Flint Chips" referred to, 234
Flint Jack, arrow-heads made by, 42, 659
Flint-knapping, 17-22
Flint, alteration in structure of, 494, 489, 497, 498; ancient workshops of, 22, 606; as article of barter, 35, 80; brittle condition of, 558; cutting powers of, 281, 282; difficulty of perforating, 223, 224; durability of, 655; experiments in shaping, 36, 41; flakes and cores of, 20, 31, 272, 279; grinding of, 43; hardened by exposure, 18, 32, 33; importation of, 281; minute tools of, 325; modern ceremonial use of, 9; necessity of, in savage life, 282; ochreous, 536, 553, 597, 602; pits for extraction of, 33, 35, 78, 79; prismatic splitting of, 88; processes for grinding, 43; result of abundance of, in chalk districts, 677; scarcity of in Northern Britain, 580; softening of in red brick-earth, 596; and steel, early use of, 16, 271, 282; and steel, meaning of, in interments, 283; tools for working, 41; use of, with pyrites, 16, 313, 319; whitening of, 494, 498, 490, 545, 549, 596, 611, 619; whitening, cause of, 497; worn by use, 311, 312, 414, 416
Flints, accidentally fractured, M. Hardy on, 658; heaps of, on Palæolithic floor, 598
Flood deposits, varying nature of, 668, 669; their removal by subsequent floods, 670
Floods, their action in valley-erosion, 666, 706; as caused by ground-ice, 671
"Floor-stone," gun flints made from, 33
Flora, temperate, below brick-earth, 537; recent, in Oxford peat, 593; of various climates at Hoxne, 577, 697
Flower, the late Mr. J. W., on East Anglian flint implements, 551, 556; on section at Bromehill, 681; on French and English palæolithic implements, 650; on Drift-beds of the Fens, 681; on the Drift-beds of Brandon, 683
Fluting on arrow-heads, 392; on axe-hammer, 203; on Danish dagger-hilts, 42, 393; on Egyptian blades, 359; probably effected by pressure, 42, 393
Fluviatile origin of implementiferous beds, 688
Folklore Society referred to as to fairy darts, 365
"Food-vessels" in interments, 224, 462
Fooks, Mr. C. C. S., implement found by, 606
Forbes, the late Mr. David, Bolivian implements described by, 169, 232, 239
Forel, Dr. F. A., his experiment in stone-working, 36
"Forest Bed," Norfolk, suposed worked flints from, 572
Forest, submerged, at Bournemouth, 695
Forgeries of arrow-heads, 42; of Palæolithic implements, 658, 659
"Fort," cup found in, 444
Fossils, ascription of, to diabolical agency, 363; use of, as ornaments, 470, 657; in interments, 466, 469
Foster, Dr. C. Le Neve, drift implement found by, 610
Fox, Rev. W., as to origin of Solent Sea, 690
Fracture of flint, natural and artificial compared, 273
Fragments of implements, use of, 223, 242, 339
Frankish Cemeteries, objects found in, 283, 307
Frankland, Prof., on climatal conditions of glacier formation, 698
Franks, Sir A. Wollaston, on an abraded pyrites nodule, 318; on hafting of American flint blades, 349; on perforated discs, 439; on present use of stone vessels, 450
French, Mr. J., drift implements found by, 578
Frere, Mr. John, his discoveries at Hoxne, 573. 576
Friction, polish of stone saw by, 295
Frost, disintegrating effect of, 672
Fuegians, their arrow chipping, 39, 406; their use of arrow-heads as knives, 334; their mode of fire-producing, 15, 317; their mode of using scrapers, 299
Fungus, its use as tinder, 16, 317
Fustibalus, Roman use of the, 418
Future existence, belief in, implied by objects in interments, 84, 283
G
Gabbro, tools for flint-working made of, 22
Gaillard, M. F., Breton finds of pyrites and flint by, 318
Gallas, form of scraper among the, 299
Games, possible use of stone balls in, 244, 245
Ganges, estimate of detritus carried by, 667
Gastaldi, Prof., on arrow-head superstitions, 367; engravings by, 120, 200, 333, 337
Gatty, Rev. Reginald A., on minute flint tools, 325
Gaudry, M., sections of San Isidro valley by, 529
Gaul, Celtic, importation of amber from, 449
Gaulish coins, stone hatchet found with, 144
Gautier de Bibelesworth quoted as to slick-stones, 441
Gaviller, Mr. G. H., oval implement found by, 584
Gay, the late Mr., 178
Geikie, Sir Archibald, on lowering of river-basins, 668; on chronology of valley erosion, 705, 706
Gems on hilt of Mexican chalcedony blade, 355
Geological data as to antiquity of man in Britain, 704, &c.
George, Mr. T., his find at Elton, 573
Georgius Agricola on thunderbolts, 64
Germany, superstitions in, regarding celts, 57, 58
Gesenius, his mention of stone knives in Palestine, 9
Gibb, Dr. G. D., drift implement found by, 617
Gibraltar, objects found in caves of, 177, 182, 252, 287, 428, 433
Gimawong, sacrificial use of stone in honour of, 10
Glacial deposit, celt found in gravel of, 136; deposit in Little Ouse valley, 682; Period, flint-bearing deposits subsequent to, 697; Period, attempt to date astronomically, 705; Periods, their relation to Palæolithic eriods, 568
Glaciers, heat action indicated by, 698
Gladstone, Dr. J. H., broad flake found by, 606
Glandes, the Roman sling-stones, 418
Glass beads in barrows, 437, 456; modern ceremonial use of flakes of, 9; "slickstones" of, 441, 442
Glossiness of surface of palæolithic implements, 659; to what cause due, 660
Glossopetra, Pliny's account of the, 363
Glovemakers, recent use of stone nodules by, 416
Godwin-Austen, Mr. R. A. C, his exploration of Kent's Cavern, 489; on gravels of Wey valley, 594; on origin of Bournemouth gravels, 694; on former temperature of English Channel, 701
Gneiss, hammers of, 221, 223, 224
Gnostic inscriptions, Egyptian celt bearing, 60, 61
Goat's horn, use of, by Mexicans in arrow making, 39
Gog and Magog, their military flail, 423
Gold, armilla of, 460; box-like objects of, 460; circular ornaments of, 427; cup of, in barrow, 449; engraved haft of, with Egyptian blade, 359; on handle of bronze dagger, 227; perforated studs covered with, 456; plates of, in barrow, 227, 428
Gold mines of Egypt, bronze chisels in, 6
Gooch, Mr. W. D., on African palæolithic implements, 653
Goose, wild, remains of in Fisherton drift beds, 631
Gordon, Robert, of Straloch, on elf-darts, 364
Gouges, abundance of, in Scandinavia, 178; bronze mould for, 269; Irish, 181; rare in Britain, 178
Granite, ball of, in Kent's Cavern, 503; blocks of, used as anvils, 245; celt of, 108; hammer stone of, in Kent's Cavern, 503; hand-mills of, in recent use, 253; ironing stones of, 443; perforated axes of, 195, 198; polished hammer of, 222; saddle-quern of, 252; wedge-shaped blades of, 97; waterworn fragments of, in Bournemouth gravels, 694
Grass, asserted hafting of implement with, 645
Grass-tree, Australian use of gum from the, 170
Grattoirs, 298
Grattoir-bec, 305
Gravel, pipes of in chalk, 551; bones of animals smaller than man not found in, 656
Gravel Hill, Brandon, 562-567
Gravels, French, 526-8, 698; Spanish, &c., 529; English, 530 et seq.; deposited, transported, and re-laid, 670, 693, 700; nature of, governed by local causes, 678; see "Sections"; relations of to Boulder Clay, 577, 685, 697
Graves, Rev. J., on recent use of a quern, 258
Greece and Italy, precedence of bronze to iron in, 6; obsidian cores from, 28; stone implements as thunderbolts in, 59
Greek language, priority of bronze and iron shown by, 5; inscription on celt, 61, 62
Greeks, their reverence for the hatchet, 62; use of sling bullets among the, 418
Greenhill, Mr. J. E., on the London gravels, 586
Greenland, fish-hook in grave in, 294; harpoon points of chalcedony in, 405
Greenough map, the, referred to, 683
Greenstone celt, sawing of, with flint flake, 45
Greenwell, Canon, his explorations at Grime's Graves, 33, 40; of barrows, passim
Gregory, Mr. A. G., on stone-working in Australia, 26
Grew, Dr. Nehemiah, on "the flat Bolthead," 364
Grewinck, Herr, on stone-boring tools, 47
Griffiths, Rev. Dr., ovate implements found by, 601
Grime's Graves, explorations by Canon Greenwell at, 33, 40
Grinding implements, absence of, in palæolithic times, 649; corn, mediæval litigation as to, 25; corn in Ireland, 251; maize, Kaffir mill for, 250
Grinding stones and whetstones, 261-271; in interments, 83, 84; fixed, not revolving, 43, 261; Scandinavian, 43, 261
Grit, from millstones, teeth worn by, 253
Grooved hammers, 233-236; sharpening stone from La Madelaine, 484
Grooves worked on axes, 168, 169, 211, 212; for hafting, on hammer stones, 233; on rocks, due to sharpening tools, 262; pebbles with, 271
Grottoes, funereal, 160
Ground-ice, formation of, 671
Guanches, obsidian knives used by the, 8
Guernsey, manufactory of arrow-heads in, 401
Gum, Australian implements hafted with, 97, 137
Gun-flints, present manufacture of, 14, 18
Gutsmuths on ancient stone-boring, 49
Gutteridge, Mr. William, drift implement found by, 598
H
Habits of Palæolithic Period, 656-658
Hâches à bouton and à tête, 135
Hacket, Mr., Indian quartzite implement found by, 651
Hacquet, M., on the manufacture of gun-flints, 18, 21
Hæmatite, celts made of, 127; hammer of, 219; scraped, for personal decoration, 248, 263, 264, 312, 484; sling bullets of, 418
Haft of celt, carved, 152; of Mexican blade, jewelled, 355
Hafts, club-like, 155; forked, for hatchets, 163, 164
Hafted celts, discoveries of, 151-155
Hafting, Carib method of, 155;; contrivances for assisting, 141, 151-172; of daggers by split wood, 349; of flakes, 288, 289, 292, 293, 502; by flexible wooden binding, 167; of flint blade by moss, 349; of hammers with small perforations, 217; of Maori chisels, 178; by means of growing wood, 155, 218; of spear-heads, 350, 351
Hakke, or hoes, 191
Halberd, meaning of, 146
Halliwell, Mr., on the Stone axe, 146
Hallstatt, objects from, 460, 464, 465; ornaments from, 84; perforated whetstones, 269; transitional period of cemetery of, 7
Hamard, Abbé, his researches at Hermes, 314
Hammers, barrel-shaped, 224; boulders used as, 234; broken celt converted into, 242; for chipping flints, 248-258; conical, 223; cylindrical, 224; with depressions of faces, 239, 240; egg-shaped, 224, 225; Eskimo, 25; grooved, 233-236; from Kent's Cavern, 503; ornamented, 226; horn, in contracted interment, 434; ovoid pebbles perforated for, 228; of peculiar forms, 219; perforated, 217-232; possible use of, as weapons, 220, 221; Purgatory, 183; of stag's horn, 35, 41, 434; stone, still used in Iceland, 11
Hammer-stones, in barrows, 235, &c.; of bronze, 246; cavities worked in, 238; definition of, 238; with depressions of faces, 240-246; discoidal, 249; flint, at Cissbury, 32; grooved for hafting, 233; made from cores, 248; North American, 241; palæolithic, 536; on Palæolithic floor, 606; perforated, abundance of in Ireland, 232; polished by use, 248; ridges on, 246
Hand, implements adapted for holding in the, 136, 140, 151, 358, 552, 557, 645
Hand-hatchets, 137
Hand-mills of stone, recent use of, 253; with rotatory upper stone, 258
Handle, jewelled, of Mexican blade, 355; skin, of flint flake, 293; of turned stone cups, how left; 446, 447; wooden, of celts, 119, 152; wooden, of celts, rare in Britain, 151; wooden, of stag's horn axe, 434
Handled celt, representation of in dolmen, 153 "Handled wedges," 205
Hardening of flints by exposure, 32
Hardy, M. Michel, on accidentally fractured flints, 658
Harland, Mr. H. S., grinding tools found by, 266
Harpoon-heads, of horn or bone, in French caves, 484; of horn in Kent's Cavern, 504; Eskimo, single barbed, 394; perforated. 410; of quartz in S. America, 407
Harrison, Mr. Benjamin, as to drift caps on chalk downs, 608; implements found and given by, 92, 174, 198, 604, 611
Hastings, stone missiles probably used at Battle of, 147
Hatchets, Australian, fitted with handles, 70; bronze, Egyptian, 169; butt-end roughened for socketing, 46; of Danish type, 68, 69; hafting of, 151, 161; oblique-bladed, 152; of one piece with handle, 171; sacred importance of, with Greeks, 62; stone, form of, affected by bronze influences, 75; stone, method of forming, 31; with loop for suspension, 171; with semicircular cutting edge, 136; worn, re-chipping of, 102; nuclei made into, at Spiennes, 35
Hawk, skull of, in interment, 429
Hawkins, Mr. C. E., drift implement found by, 612
Haynes, Prof., Egyptian implements found by, 652
Heaps of flints prepared for slingers, 419
Heathery Burn Cave, bronze and bone objects in, 432
Hellebarde, etymology of, 146
Helwing on the true nature of celts, 63
Hemp, absent from Lake Dwellings, 436; possible use of stone bats in preparing, 257
Hernandez, his account of obsidian-working, 24
Herodotus on the ritual use of stone, 8; on the arrows used by the army of Xerxes, 368; on the featherless arrows of the Lycians, 410
Hesiod, his mention of the early use of bronze, 4; as to the feathering of the arrows of Hercules, 410
Hickes, Dr., on the shooting of elf-arrows, 366
Hicks, Dr. H., on date of Welsh caves, 521
Hides, importance of, in savage life, 311; present use of stone scrapers in preparing, 36, 299; stone implements possibly hafted by, 217, 235; stones used for smoothing, 442; wear of implements by scraping, 332; wet, assagai-heads bound on by, 410
Hildebrand and Hadubrand, song of, 146
Hill-forts, querns found in, 259
Hilton, Mr. R., 94, 341; drift implements found by, 622
Hilts of flint daggers, their probable use as flaking tools, 413
Hindoos, pebble superstition among, 568
Hippopotamus, its evidence as to former volume of English rivers, 699, 700
Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, examination of barrows by, 143, 148, 210, 211, 227, 244, 260, 280, 291, 308, 314, 352; on pebbles in tumuli, 443; on whetstones, 268
Hoe, use of stone implements as, 71, 191; of stag's horn with handle attached, 434
Hoe-like implements in Mexico, 216
Holes through stones, natural, utilization of, 225, 226
Hollow scrapers, 319, 320
Hollowing canoes, stone gouges for, 178; wapiti horn used for, 434
Holmes, Mr. W. H., on a chert quarry in Missouri, 80
Homer, mention of bronze arms in, 4, 368
Hones, 268, 269 ; burial of, 208
Hone-stone, celts of, 96, 105, 106, 117, 120, 121; green, hollow adze of, 180
Hornblendes, various, implements of, 125, 128, 206, 224, 230
Horse, representation of, on bone, 523
Horse trappings, late Celtic, pebbles found with, 442
Houghton, Mr. W. H., drift implement found by, 572
Hove, amber cup found at, 449
Hoxne, brick-field at, 574; climatal changes shown by, 697; implements found at, 374
Hughes, Prof. T. McK., cave researches by, 521; drift implements found by, 539, 611; on production of flint flakes, 272
Human race, evidence for antiquity of, 658, &c.; palæolithic evidence for unity of, 654; probable origin in favourable climate, 703
Human remains in palæolithic caves, 487, 517; in gravel pit, 542; in Thames gravel, doubtful evidence of, 607; causes of their rarity, 656, 669, 702; in Seine valley, 703
Huntley, the late Dowager Marchioness, implements found by, 573
Hurons, asserted methods of hafting among, 155, 218
Hut-circles, hammer-stones found in, 234; discoidal stones in, 244; saddle-quern in, 251; scraper in, 309; spindle whorls in, 438; whetstones in, 270; worn pebbles in, 248
Hyænas, alternate occupation of caves by man and, 519; absent from Kent's Cavern, 508
Hydrobia marginata, former presence of, in England, 531, 533, 539, 584, 586
I
Ice, possible action of, in Darent gravel-bed, 610; transporting power of, 671, 672
Ice-chisels, possible use of early implements as, 645, 654
Iceland, stone hammers in use in, 11
Ichthyophagi, the, Diodorus on their use of stone, 288
Icklingham, gun-flint factory formerly at, 14 "Imp-stones," 437
Implements, palæolithic, chronology of, retrogressive, 473; from caves and drift; compared, 474; large, rarity of in caves, 475; with extinct fauna, 481-486, 490, &c., 513, 620, 701; of caves, classification of, 483, 484; joined up, 20, 514, 586; British area of, 524, 580; of the River Drifts, 526 et seq.; of materials other than flint, 565, &c.; below the Palæolithic floor, 586, 591; first discovery of in quaternary beds, 581; beneath mammoth remains, 630; classification of, 640, 648; compared with neolithic, 648650, 657; from Asia and Africa, 650; forms of, almond-shaped, 529, 540, 557, 647; bevel-edged, 546, 559; broad and short, 594; circular, 559, 608; crescent-like, 559,571, 647; discoidal, 648; flat-faced, 645; kite-shaped, 492, 542, 593, 644; lanceolate, 554; large and heavy, 532, 569, 613; lozenge-shaped, 647; oblique-edged, 567, 568; oval, 589, 625, 604, 629; ovate, 515, &c., 593, &c., 602, 618; ovoid, 492, 493; perch-backed, 646, 647; pointed, 557, 563, 603, 613, 644, &c.; scraper-shaped, 500, 632; sharp-rimmed, 642, 647, 701; shoe-shaped, 537, 554, 593, 645; tongue-shaped, 539, 572, 644, 649; triangular, 492; wedge-shaped, 529
Incantations regarding stones, 469
"Incense-cup" in barrow, 211
Incisions on bone objects, 523, 656
India, small chalcedony cores in, 23; superstitious reverence for jade in, 60; celts in, 88, 89; ivory wrist-guard used in, 430
Indians, North American, arrows, 370; Californian, arrow-chipping by, 39; Californian, obsidian worked by, 27; Cloud River, arrow-chipping by, 39; of Ecuador, axe-mounting among, 170; flaking tools of, 24; fleshing instruments, 126; hatchets, 97; hatchets, mounting of, 168; holes drilled by, 50, 52; lozenge-shaped lance-heads, 372; pyrites used among, for fire-producing, 317; quoits, 440; Snake River, obsidian-working by, 40; tomakawks made by, 52
Indra, hammer as attribute of, 62
Indus, large nuclei from banks of, 23
Ingram, the Rev. Canon, as to bracers, 429
Interments, stone and bronze found together in, 123, 143, &c.; primary and secondary, mixing of, 210, 211; Saxon, with quern, 259; late presence of flint in, 282; objects accompanying, passim; burnt, objects found with, 96, 105, 186, 194, 197, 210, 253, 291, 330, 377, 398, &c.; contracted, cause of position, 149; objects found in, 230, 280, 371, 385, 429, &c.
Intrenchments, old, relation of sling-stones to, 419
Ireland, abundance of flint arrow-heads in, 399, 408; arrow-heads relatively larger in, 400; blades of slaty stone in, 353; flint celts rare in, 84, 133; late use of stone implements in, 11; recent use of stone anvils in, 232; superstitions in, concerning celts, 57
Iron Age, Bronze Age succeeded by, 5; grooved stones with objects of the, 271; axe-head in barrow, 463; axes, French, resembling stone types, 205; blades, Eskimo, skin-hafted, 293; late use of, in Egypt, 6; date of discovery as given by Arundelian marbles, 4; early use of, in Britain, 10; infrequent mention of by Homer, 4; knife, 487; meteoric, probably first used, 5; mould, staining of scrapers by, 315; objects of, in interments, 210, 394, 397, 438, 455; ore in barrow, 263, 313, 338; Period, Early, "strike-a-light" stones of the, 241; pickaxe in old workings of lead mine, 234; used for pins of querns, 259
Ironing stones of granite, 443
Iron-stone, Sussex, celt of, 84; axe-head of, 186; cave implement of, 522
Iroquois, the use of pump drill by, 48; sword of, 294
Isle of Wight, severance of, from mainland, 690; former extent of, 693
Italy, arrow-head superstitions in, 367; iron preceded by bronze in, 5; ridged flake in, 327; stone "thunderbolts" in, 59
Ivory, articles of, at Paviland, 487; carved bracers of, 430; fossil, used by Eskimos for arrow-flaking, 37; fossil, Eskimo scraper hafted in, 298; fossil, present use of, in Siberia, 488; plates of, in necklaces, 457; rod of, in Brixham cave, 516; spindle-whorls of, 439; used for shafting arrows of Bushmen, 410
J
Jacquard, M. Ed., on "Céraunies," 57
Jade, adzes. New Zealand, 166, 167; boring of, in New Zealand, 46; celts of, 109, 114; discs of, 216; Eskimo hammer of, 25; found in Europe, 110; Maori chisels of, 178; sawing of, 45; wooden-hafted blade of, 299
Jade-like stone, French chisel of, 176
Jadeite, celt of, worn as charm, 57; celts of, 58, 107, 129; celts of, in Brittany dolmens, 109
Japan, European appearance of arrow-heads from, 405; stone axes considered as thunderbolts in, 59; stone blades from, 355
Jasper, flakes, cutting power of, 6; hammer-head of, 229; pendants of, 465; scraper of, 310; Spanish flake of, 287
Java, stone axes in, 59
Javelins and arrow-heads, 360-411; distinction between, 370
Javelin-heads in interments, 371, 455; Australian mode of shafting, 288; Irish, with polished faces, 372; Italian, 333; present use of flakes as, 288; stemmed, 379 Jaw-bone of animal, implement formed from, 434
Jaw, human, from Moulin-Quignon, 703
Jeffreys, the late Mr. J. Gwyn, 345
Jet, armlets of, 464; beads, 309; beads, oblong, 149; buttons, 265, 398, 453; cone of, 308, 352; necklaces of, 456-463; ornaments of, 332, 385. 394; rings, 865, 426; rings associated with studs, 266, 454; Solinus on the properties of, 464
Jewitt, the late Mr. Llewellynn, on elf-arrows. 366
Jews, modern, ceremonial use of flint by, 9; their use of stone-struck fire, 16
Jones, Prof. Rupert, on the London gravels, 586
Joshua, his ceremonial use of stone knives, 9; discovery of flint flakes in tomb of, 9
Judd, Prof. J. W., drift implement found by, 611
K
Kafiirs, their present use of stone implements, 11; their present use of bed-stone and rolling pin, 250; their mode of shafting assagais, 410
Kahun, manufacture of stone implements at, 45
Keller, Dr., on the tools of Moosseedorf, 22; on sawing stone implements, 44; on tube-boring, 49, 50; referred to, 159, 162, 242, 310, 323; on weights for weaving, 443
Kemble, Mr., on stones in Teutonic tombs, 468
Kennett, Bishop, quoted as to slickstones, 441
Kentmann, thunderbolts described by, 63, 64
Kent's Cavern, Torquay, awl of bone from, 506; bone, objects of, 504-506; bones, mineral condition of, 508; bronze objects in upper layer, 492; charcoal in, 492, 511; co-existence of man with extinct animals in, 510; cores and hammers from, 503; correlation of, with foreign caves, 511; deposits of, 491; examinations of, 488-491; fauna of, neolithic, 508; fauna of, palæolithic, 507; flakes from, 498, &c.; flint implements from, 492-503; harpoons, 504; human remains, 492; implements below the stalagmite, 489; implements, neolithic, from upper layers, 492; needle of bone, 321, 506; pin, 506; sabre-toothed tiger, 508; scrapers, 500, 502; whetstone, 504
Kerr, Mr. Richard, ovate implement found by, 621
Kilkenny, modern use of quern in, 258
Kimmeridge coal, beads of, 309; buttons of, 455; "coal money," how made, 465; shale, bead of, 463; shale, ring of, 456; shale, aucer of, 445; shale, waste pieces of from lathe, 447, 465
King, Mr. C. W., on an engraved Egyptian celt, 60
Kintore, Earl of, battle-axe presented to Edinburgh Museum by, 197
Kioway Indians, stone hammer used by, 235
Kirchner on stone-boring, 51
Kirwan, Rev. R., on a worn perforated pebble, 22; on turned stone cups, 445, 447, 448
Kist-vaen, vessels found in, 450
Kite-shaped palæolithic implements, 542, 592, 644
Kjökken-möddings, Danish, axes of the, 68; flakes in, 280, 286; hatchets from, 32; motive for their position, 479; post-Roman, hammerstones in, 247; scrapers, 310; serrated flints in, 296; sling-stones in, 419
Klah-o-quat Indians, their wapiti-horn chisels, 434
Klebs, Dr. R., on amber ornaments of Stone Age, 450
Knife Gallery, Brixham, 514
Knife-shaped implements, 535, 646
Knives, blunted at one edge, 335, 336; bronze, 5; chipped, not ground, 356; circular, 341, 342; curved, 355-358; Egyptian, 8, 354, 359; Eskimo, of meteoric iron, 5; fluted, 359; flint, 290, 356, &c.; ground, from Scotland, 338; hafting of, 346; horseshoe-shaped, 342; Japanese, 355; of mica-schist, 381; peculiar, in Lake dwellings, 348; Picts', perforated, 346; Picts', probably handled, 347; of polished slate, 358; Scandinavian, of slate, 404; serrated, 331; of small flakes continuously mounted, 277, 293; of stone, ceremonial use of, 8-10; triangular, 340, 343
"Knockin'-stones" in Scotland, 11
Knowles, the late Rev. Dr., 138
Kotzebue Gulf, arrow-flaker from, 38
Kruse on perforated axes, 184
L
Labour necessary for stone-working, 107, 226, 231
Lafitau on the time required for tomahawk-making, 52
Laing, the late Mr. S., rude implements found by, in Caithness, 281
Lake-dwellings, arrow-heads of, 402; axes, socketed, in, 158; corn-crushers in, 246; flakes in, 281-287; grinding-stones in, 262; handled flakes from, 292; mealing-stones in, 250; narrow rubbers in, 267; perforated hammer, 232; perforated whetstones, 269; scrapers, 310, 318; slings of flax, 417; spinning and weaving in, 436; stag's horn sockets, 43, 136, 161, 177; wooden spindle-whorls, 439
La Madelaine, characteristics of Age of, 484
Lamiarum sagittas, 362
Lamps of stone, 445, 450, 451
Landon, Mr. Joseph, examination of Rea gravels by, 578
Lance-heads, from barrows, 333; of bone, 431; flakes used as, 288; of flint, 348-351; fluted, at Sourdes, 43; lozenge-shaped, 372; notched, in Norway, 404
Lane-Fox, Col., see Rivers, Gen. Pitt
Langues-de-chat, 644
Lapis lydius, celt of, 114
Lapps, the, divination by stones among the, 470; flint and steel buried with the, 283; their use of sinews for thread, 507
Lark River, older representative of the, 682
Lartet, Prof. E., on boring with flint flakes, 321; his chronological classification of caves, 481; experiments with flint tools, 507; on grattoirs, 298
Lartet, Prof. Louis, his Spanish finds, 529
Lasham, Mr. Frank, on the gravels of the Wey valley, 595
Lastic, Vicomte de, his cave at Bruniquel, 296
Latchmore, Mr. Frank, drift implements found by, 536, 602, 604
"Late-Celtic" Period, stone ornamentation of, 260
"Lateritic" beds in Madras, implements found in, 651, 654
Lathe, amber cup turned in, 449; use of, probably pre-Roman, 446; for turning cups, 446; for turning spindle-whorls, 438; "coal money" the waste product of, 465
Lauth, Prof., on the origin of iron in Egypt, 5
Layers, Mr. Edward, ovate implement found by, 578
Lawrence, Mr. G. F., implements found by, 111, 604
Layton, Mr. T., Thames finds in possession of, 74, 161
Lead, present use of for Bolas, 422; sling bullets of, 418; spindle-whorls of, 439
Lead-mines, implements found in, 234
Leather, celts buried in case of, 109; method of sewing, 433; scrapers for preparing, 311; stones used in preparation of, 440; stones used for smoothmg seams in, 443
Leech, Mr. Thomas, implements found by, at Reculver, 613
Left-handedness, early evidence as to, 429
Leg-bones of animal, chisels of, 434; implements made from, 431; used as net-sinkers, 237
Lehaie, M. A. Houzeau de, on the flint factory at Spiennes, 34
Lemming, remains of, at Wookey, 519; remains of in Fisherton beds, 631; remains of, as indicative of climate, 699
Le Moustier, Age of, implements of, 483, 496
Leonora Christina, Princess, flint used by for cutting, 348
Lepic, Vicomte, his suggestions as to mounting stone implements, 162
Lepsius on Egyptian flakes, 287
Lewis and Clarke quoted as to pogamoggon, 424
Lightning, connection of stone implements with, 63; stone implements as safeguards against, 145, 361
Lightning-teeth, stone axes known as, in Java, 59
Lignite, rings of, in urn, 465; pendant of, 466
Limestone, buttons of, 453; celt of, 122; oolitic, knife of, 345; rocks, caves in, 520, 522
Lindenschmit, on stone-boring, 49; referred to, 163, 177, 191, 194, 232
Lindsay, Dr. W. Lauder, on Maori hatchets, 172
Linen, polishing of, by slickstones, 441
Lingue di San Paolo, 367
Lisch on stone-boring, 49
Lithuania, central core from tube-boring found in, 47
Little, Mr. W. C, on the development of flint arrows, 369
Livres de beurre, 27
Loadstone, sling bullets of, 418
Loams, red, in caves, 479
Loir et Cher, manufacture of gun-flints in, 15
Londesborough, objects found by the late Lord, in barrows, 148, 160, 290, 328
Long barrows, flakes in, 280; leaf-shaped arrow-heads peculiar to, 399
Long Hole, Gower, fauna of and flints from, 520
Longman, Mr. C. J., his series of early bracers, 430
Longpérier, M., on hatchet worship, 62
Looms, early, use of weights in, 443
Lorraine, Prince François de, Turkish stone hatchet presented to, 59
Lottin, Dr., on the manufacture of gun-flints, 18
Lower Tertiary conglomerate, flakes of, 281; querns of, 259; pebble, palæolithic implement made from, 613
Lubbock, Sir John, Algerian implement found by, 652; on the comparative numbers of men and objects of chase, 656; as to date of Glacial Period, 705; names of Neo- and Palæolithic due to, 12, 474; referred to, 272, 299, 310; on sling-stones, 419; on the uses of stone implements, 655
Luco, Abbé, pyrites and flint found by, in dolmen, 318
"Lucky Stones," virtues of, 469
Lucretius as to successive Periods of culture, 4
Lukis, Capt., polished celt found by, with skeleton, 149
Lukis, the late F. C, M.D., on the connection between celts and lightning, 57; on elf-arrows and elf-darts, 365; on the handling of celts, 171; oval armlet found by, 464; referred to, 127, 141
Lukis, the late Rev. W. C., of Wath, referred to, 188. 204, 240, 268
Lycians, the, their arrows featherless, 410
Lydian stone, celt of, 115, 167; Irish flakes of, 281, 291
Lye, his dictionary referred to as to stone bill, 145
Lyell, Sir Charles, on the Fisherton beds, 630; on the formation of caverns, 480; on geological changes near Wookey, 519; as to Glacial Period, 705; on rhinoceros in Gower, 520; on river action, 663; on the Shasta method of arrow-chipping, 40
Lyme Regis, manufactory of flint implements at, 35
Lyon, Mr. Caleb, on Shasta arrow-head making, 40
Lysons, Mr. Samuel, excavations at Witcombe, 144
Lyttelton, Bishop, on stone hatchets, 3, 202, 204
M
Mace-head, lenticular, of breccia, 232
Maces, flints naturally perforated used for, 184
Maces, see Hammers
MacEnery, the Rev. J,, his researches in Kent's Cavern, 488, 495
Machairodus, the, 508, 524
Maghara, copper mines of, 6; stone hammers at, 230; flint arrow-head from, 405
Mahanuddy, small nuclei from banks of, 23
Mahudel, on the early use of stone, 3
Maize, Kaffir mill for grinding, 250; stone pestles for crushing, 257
Mallet, Indian mode of halting, 239
Malleus fulmineus, 63
Mammoth, caves of the Age of the, 481
Man, antiquity of in Britain, 703; his co-existence with extinct animals, 474, 508, 513, 524, 700, &c.; early occupation of caves, 475, 480, &c.; mammalian fauna altered by, 482
Mandingoes, single-barbed arrows of the, 394
Manethonian dynasty, the third, use of grooved hammers in, 235
Manganese, dendritic markings due to presence of, 660
Mangles, Mr. H. A., drift implements found in Wey valley by, 595
Manning, Mr. Percy, implements found by, near Oxford, 594
Mantell, the late Dr., 84, 148, 308
Manufactories of flint implements, 34, 268, 280, 359, 401, 402; at Cissbury, 79; at Crayford, 606; in Guernsey, 401; at the Lake of Varese, 402; at Lyme Regis, 35; at Massingham Heath, 83; at Moosseedorf, 22; "wasters" found at, 80, 649
Maoris, bows unknown among the, 360; their jade chisels, 178; uses of the "Toki" among the, 172
Marathon, source of stone arrow-heads at, 368, 403
Marbodæus quoted as to the ceraunius, 64
Marcou, M., on N. American mauls, 235
Marine deposits in Fen gravels, 681
Marmot in Crayford beds, 607; in Fisherton beds, 631; presence of, indicative of climate, 699
Marrow of bones, a primitive delicacy, 504, 657
Marten, Mr. John, drift implement found by, 620
Martha's Hof, celt kept in a granary at, 58
Martin, Mr. C. Wykeham, scraper found by, 309
Mas d'Azil, painted pebbles in cave of, 484, 485
Mason, Mr. Otis T., "on aboriginal skin-dressing," 299
Massagetæ, their bronze arrow-heads, 368
Materials of which British celts are made, 65, 66, &c.; relative durability of, 655
Matter, solid, amount of in turbid water, 667
Mauls, stone, method of hafting, 169; in old copper workings, 233
Mealing-stones, absent in palæolithic times, 657; and muller, 251; from Swiss Lake-dwelling, 246, 250; on the site of Troy, 253
Medicinal powers, supposed, of stone implements, 271, 365, 437
Meillet, M., referred to, 327; on the causes of alteration in flint, 497
"Mell" for preparing barley, 451
Memnon, bronze sword of, 4
Mentone, intermediate age of deposits in caves near, 475, 487
Mercati, his suggestion as to the origin of celts, 62
Meres, New Zealand, difficulty of boring, 52; mode of using, 118; as denoting chieftainship, 226
Merewether, the late Dean, implements found by, 309
Meriones, bronze arrow of, 4
Merovingian interments, flint chips in, 283; flint implements in, 144, 145; iron arrow-heads in, 394; iron-mounted scrapers in, 314; stone objects in, 470
Mesolithic, use of term deprecated, 702
Metal-working, possible use of, small hammers for, 223; stone discs perhaps connected with, 257
Meteoric iron, probably the first used, 5
Mexican arrow-heads, 24, 39; English appearance of, 406; blade with original handle, 355; flakes of obsidian, 288; hafting of metal axes, 155, 156; obsidian cores, 23; obsidian razors, 290; obsidian swords, 294
Meyer, Dr. A. B., his catalogue of jade objects, 110
"Meyrick's Armour" referred to, 200
Mica schist, with garnets, celt of, 97; battle-axe of, 197; hammer of, 225
Micaceous grit, axe-head of, 19S; celt of, 97; perforated adze of, 189
Mid-Pleistocene character of Crayford beds, 607
Mildenhall, recent arrow-heads made by workman of, 42
Mill, bed-stone and rolling pin as, 250; rotatory, 254
"Mill-bill" of present day, 146
Mill-dues of St. Albans, 258
Mills and balls in barrows, 253
Milner, Col., his celt with Gnostic inscriptions, 60
Mine de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest, mauls found in, 235
"Miners' hammers," Irish, 234
Mining, in chalk, 33, 79, 172; stone mauls used for, 233, 234
Mining instruments of bronze, 233
Miocene Age, evidence doubtful as to existence of man in the, 374
Mirrors, possible use of polished stone discs as, 440
Missiles, possible use of discoidal implements as, 655
Mississippi, estimated amount of detritus carried by, 667
Missouri, chert quarry in, 80
Mitchell, Sir A., on the spindle and whorl, 437
Mitten, Mr., on the fossil mosses from Hoxne, 577
Mongols, use of military flail among the, 423
Monkman, Mr. C, on sling-stones and intrenchments, 419
Montelius, Prof., referred to, 154, 261
Montezuma, arrow-making in palace of, 406; stone axe of, 157
Moraines of glaciers, boulder-clay mainly derived from, 697
Morison, Fynes, on Irish corn- grinding, 251
Morlot, M., his suggestions as to grinding flints, 43
"Morning star," a modification of the staff-sling, 423
Morse, Miss, her assistance with fossil plants from Hoxne, 577
Mortars, 245, 257, 450
Mortillet, M. A. de, on celt with haft-mark, 154; M. Gabriel de, on boring of Swiss axes, 51; on the chronological sequence of cave deposits, 475; classification of caves by, 483; on a cubical grindstone, 245; on early cruciform ornaments, 454; on Greek inscribed celt, 62; his subdivisions of Palæolithic Period, 528; on tube-boring, 47; referred to, 194, 232, 278, 296
Moscardo on the Pietre ceraunie, 364
Moseley, Mr. H. N., worked jade brought by, from New Zealand, 46
Moss, flint blade handled with, 349
Mosses, fossil, at Hoxne, 577
Moulds, bronze, for celts, &c., 269; stone, for bronze implements, 443
Mound in Tennessee, hatchet from, 171
Mousterien Age, characteristics of, 483
Much, Dr., on the Hellebarde, 146
Müller, Dr. Sophus, on the burial of axes, 76; referred to, 261
Mullers, present use of, 248; various forms of, 244, 252
Mumford, Rev. George, celt fixed in a tree found by, 150
Munro, his "Lake Dwellings" referred to, 45, 297
Mur de Barrez, flint pit at, 35
Museums of Antiquaries, Soc. of, England, 78, 126, 141, 150, 196, 229, 346, 377, 405; Berlin, 188, 191, 294; Blois, 187; Bonn, 136; Brighton, 449, 518; Brtish, passim; Brunswick, 191; Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 73, 74, 88, 92, 100, 104, 178, 191, 251, 336, 390, 538; Fitch, 100; Woodwardian, 92, 100, 538, 595; Canterbury, 353; Castleton, 342; Charterhouse School, 596; Clermont Ferrand, 286, 465; Copenhagen, Ethnological, 167, 183,191, 226, 245, 246, 286, 292, 347; Derby, 225; Devizes, 428; Douai, 169; Dresden, Ethnological, in; Historical, 157; Economic Geology, Jermyn Street, 84, 174, 357, 583, 615; Edinburgh, National, passim; Exeter, Albert, 192, 407, 445, 639; Geneva, 113, 185; Ghizeh, 359, 369; Grierson, at Thornhill, 200; Kelso, 119; Keswick, Crosthwaite collection, 106, 117; Kirkcudbright, 442; Königsberg, 403; Lausanne, 185, 292, 327; Leeds, Bateman collection, passim; Philosophical Society, 187, 191, 221; Leicester, 103, 230, 254, 470; Leipzig, 191, 220; Le Puy, 101, 296, 411; Leverian, 212, 441, 575, &c.; Lewes, 101, 174; Leyden, 114, 128. 205, 403, 405; Egyptian, 174, 354; Liverpool, Mayer collection, 96, 151, 235, 354; Lund, 418; Lyons, 109; Madras, Central, 569; Mainz, 109, 160, 268; Montrose, 224, 421; Morbihan, Société Polymathique de, 109; Namur, 402; Nancy, Musée Lorrain, 59; Naples, 354; Neufchâtel, 232; Newcastle, Soc. Ant., 104, 123, 124, 126, 128, 193, 200, 383; Northampton, 110, 124; Norwich, 91, 100, 150, 202, 223, 229, 240, 440; Fitch collection, passim; Over Yssel, 157; Oxford, 337, 341, 518, 593; Ashmolean, 104, 354, 357; Paris, Musée d'Artillerie, 327; Perth, 421; Peterhead, Arbuthnot, 425, 463; Plymouth Institute, 200, 495; Powysland, 208, 342; Royal Irish Academy, 43, 85, 215, 308; St. Germain, 109, 160, 187, 262; Salisbury, Blackmore, passim; Scarborough, 207; Southampton, Hartley Institute, 293, 294; Stockholm, 418, 435; Stourhead Collection, 427; Sussex Archæological Society, 185, 242, 249; Swansea, Royal Institution, 187; Toulouse, 559; Troyes, 262; Truro, 187; Turin, Arsenal of, 379; Turin, Egyptian, 354; Upsala, 58; Vannes, 109; Vienna, Ambras, 157; Warrington, 234; Weimar, 109; Wilts Archæological Society, 268; Zurich, 269
Musk ox, remains of, in Cray Valley, 604, 607; remains of in Fisherton beds, 631; as indicative of climate, 699
Mussel-shell adzes, present use of, 182
Mycenæ, earthenware spindle-whorls at, 439; obsidian arrow-heads at, 403
N
Nardoo, Australian stones for grinding, 243
Necklaces, of arrow-heads, as charms, 367; Greek or Etruscan, 10; of jet, and other materials, 455–463
Needles, bone, in cave deposits, 433; in Creswell caves, 523, 524 ; drilled with flint, 321; in French caves, 484, 506; in Kent's Cavern, 506; bronze, central-eyed, 433; copper, 440
Needs, identical, like results produced by, 325
Neolithic Period, characteristics of, 54; difficulties of chronology of, 471; its range in time, 147; sepulchres, frequent disappearance of bones in, 656
Nephrite, traces of sawing on celt of, 43; engraved celt of, 60
Net-sinkers, 236, 237
Netting, possible use of bone instruments for, 432
New Caledonians, sling-stones of, 418, 419
Neuwied, Prinz, on Australian stone blades, 171
Newton, Mr. E. T., on human remains in Thames valley gravel, 607
New Zealand, jade adzes of, 166, 167; sawing of jade in, 45; thong-drill used in, 48
Nickel, presence of, in meteoric iron, 5
Nightmare, perforated stones good against, 469
Nilsson, Prof., on the date of certain axes, 52; on the obliquity of celt edges, 113; on perforated discs, 439; on rude sling-stones, 419; suggestion as to David's sling, 417; referred to, 184, 204, 241, 261, 271, 293, 294, 296, 297, 339, 350, 450
Nodule of flint, bludgeon-shaped, in grave, 277
Nodules of pyrites, their use in producing fire, 313-319
Norman, Mr. H. G., palæolithic implements found by, 604
Norway, method of testing celts in, 57
Notches on axes, for hafting, 169; on hammer-stones, 246, 247; worn on flakes, 642
Nouter, axe personified by, 62
Nuclei, their relation to flakes, 272; French, 277; small, 23
O
Oak, coffin, gold cup in, 449; trees, bark removed by bone chisels, 435; trees, experimental felling of, 162; trunks, hollowed, interments in, 398, 448
Oaks, present in brick-earth at Hoxne, 537
Obsidian, arrow-heads of, in California, 37; arrow-heads at Mycenæ, 403; arrow-heads from the Caucasus, 405; arrow-heads made in the Palace of Montezuma, 406; cores of, from Greek sites, 28, 278; Easter Island tool of, 289; flakes of, in Greece, 278, 284, 286; jade bored by, in New Zealand, 46; knives of, skin-hafted, 293; knives of, in Teneriffe, 8; methods of working, 23-25, 39; Mexican dagger-blades of, 354; scrapers of, 310
Ochre, red, in interment, 149; use of as cosmetic, 263
Ochreous tinting of gravel implements, 617, &c.
Ofai ara, Polynesian sling-stones, 420
Ohio Valley, steatite tubes from, 50
Ojibway Indians, 168
Oliver, Lieut., R.E., drift implement found by, 626
Ophthalmia, Burmese treatment of, 60
Ore, iron, in interment, 313, 317
Ornament, cruciform, early occurrence of, 453
Ornaments, funereal, 84; perforated for suspension, 321; personal, 452-472, 484, 657; pulley-like, of jet, 398}}
Ornamentation on axes, 196-198, 211; on baking stones, 440; on balls, 420; on beads, 457, 458; on cups, 444, 448; on cylinders of chalk, 421; on hammer, 226; on jet ring, 454; on lamp, 445; on querns, 259, 260; on spindle-whorls, 438; on stone vessel, 451
Ostrich, egg-shell, discs of, worn by Bushmen, 277; bone used by Bushmen for arrow-shafting, 410
Otter-skin, Califomian knives hafted with, 293
Out-door and in-door use, varying implements for, 641
Ouvry, late Mr. F., Egyptian implement found by, 652
Overlapping of the three Ages, 11, 227
Ovid, his mention of the sickle of Medea, 5; his mention of the stone used by Atys, 9; on the wearing action of water, 477
Oviedo on sawing with sand and string, 44
Ox, African, sacrifice of, with stone implement, 10
Ox horn, possible use of, in tube-boring, 50; dagger-hilt of, 265
P
Paint, red, early use of, 149, 263, 264; from hæmatite, 312; stone mullers used for grinding, 248
Palæolithic deposits, their relation to Boulder clay, 577, 685, 697
floors, buried under "trail," 698; discovery of, 586, 591; flint workshop on, 606; heaps of flint lying on, 598; implements from, 587; preservation of delicate flakes in, 643; replacement on original cores of, flakes from, 598; under brick-earth, 598; under Wey valley gravels, 595
implements, compared with neolithic, 12, 648, 657
man, evidence for unity of races of, 654
Palæolithic Period, characteristics of implements of, 53; grindstones apparently unknown in, 85; conditions of human life in, 657
Palestine, ceremonial use of stone knives in, 9
Palstaves, bronze, hafting of, 163
Patagonians, arrow-heads of, 406; varieties of Bolas among, 422
Patination of flints, 187, 660
Patroclus, prize at funeral games of, 5
Paulus Jovius on bone bracers in England, 430
Pausanias on the use of metals in the heroic times, 4, 7
Peale, Mr. T. R., on the use of bone in arrow-chipping, 39
Peat, injurious effect of, on wood, 152; moss, hafted hatchet found in, 151; moss, sling-stones in, 419; moss, stone knives arranged in, 593; Oxford, recent flora in, 593; palæolithic implements at base of, 539
Pebbles, as amulets, 466, 469; cheese-shaped, 244; with depressions worked, 241, 244, 270; flint, disintegration of, 497; grooved, 271; in interments, 467, &c.; naturally perforated, 469, 470; painted, in the cave of Mas d'Azil, 484; perforated, for hammers, 217; perforated, for net-sinkers, 439; polished, in tumuli, 214, 443, 467; as pounders, 244; of quartz, battered by use, 25; of quartzite, hammers of, 228; sacred, 468; for slinging, 419
Pemberton, American inscribed axe from, 58
Pendants of amber, 460; of bone, 463; of bronze at Hallstatt, 464; of jasper and callais, 465; of jet, 461, &c., 466; of serpentine, 470
Pengelly, Mr., exploration of Brixham cave by, 512; of Kent's Cavern, 488, 491
Pennacooks, mode of using pestle among the, 257; their scrapers, 299
Pennant, Mr., on querns in the Hebrides, 258
Penning, Mr. W. H., on African palolithic implements, 653; palæolithic implements found by, 602, 603
Pennington, Mr. Rooke, barrow opened by, 467
Perceval, Mr. Spencer G., drift implement found by, 624
Perforations in celts, 142; incomplete, of axe-heads, 205, 226; natural, in flints, 184, 225; in pebbles, 217, 470; in stone, how effected, 46, 47; in stone, possible use of in cord-making, 428; in whetstones, 268; in wooden handle of flake, 292
Perrault, M., researches in the Camp de Chassey, 159
Persian arrows, iron, 394, 396
Persians, myth as to their skill in archery, 361
Personal ornaments, amulets, &c., 452-472
Perthes, M. , Boucher de, discoveries in Somme valley, 12, 490; on celt handle, 160; on uses of pointed implements, 655; on worked flints at Abbeville, 526
Peru, obsidian working in, 24
Pestle and mortar, 252, 254
Pestle-like implements, 135, 149
Petrie, Prof. Flinders, on Egyptian blades, ripple-marked, 359; on fibre-hafted knife, 293; flint hatchets, hafting of, 169, 170; lance-head, 354; palæolithic implements found by, 652, 653; on sickles, 297; on tube- boring, 51
Pfahl-bauten, Swiss, flint workshop in the, 22; sawing on celts of, 43
Philip II. of Macedon, imitations of coin of, found with arrow-head, 397
Phillips, Mr. B., on softening amber, 449
Pickel, Conrad, his name Latinized into Celtes, 56
Picks of red deer horn used for flint extraction, 33
Picks and chisels, 173-182
"Picts* Castle," 138
"Picts' houses," see Brochs
"Picts' knives," flakes resembling, 281, 292; not of flint, 345; recent use of, 348; possible use of in whaling, 348
Pierre de tonnerre, 57
Pig, Roman sacrifice of, with flint weapon, 10
"Pikelet stones" now made of iron, 440
Pins or awls, 433; bone, in interments, 83; from Kent's Cavern, 488, 506; bronze, 214; possible use of, in interments, 432
Pipes of erosion, 548, 602, 707
Pisander, bronze axe of, 4
"Pisky grinding-stones," 437
Pitcairn on the diabolical origin of elf-arrows, 366
Pitch, Scandinavian use of, for mounting bronze implements, 170
Pithecanthropus erectus, Dr. Dubois', alluded to, 703
Pits for the extraction of flints, 33, 35, 78
Pivot stones, 242
Planes, Eskimo, use of scrapers as, 299
"Plateau type," doubtful character of flints of, 609, 643, 658
Plate of gold in barrow, 227
Plates of amber for necklaces, 460; of jet, 457, &c.
Pleistocene fauna, association of worked flints with, 606, 700, 701, &c.; implements, European, similarity of those of Somaliland with, 653
Pliny as to Cerauniæ, 64, 481; on the Glossopetra, 363 ; on the ovum anguinum, 437; on pyrites, 16
Plot, Dr., on the true character of stone axes, 63; on flint arrow-heads, 362
Ploughshare, bronze, ceremonial use of, by the Tuscans, 5
Plowright, Dr. C. B., on a Norfolk flint factory, 83
Plutarch on the bronze weapons of Theseus, 4
"Pluvial Period," Mr. Tylor on the, 698
Poem, early German, referred to, 146
Pogamoggon, its use by Shoshone Indians, 424 Poison, etymological testimony to its use on arrows, 362
Pole-lathe, mechanism of, 447
Polished patches on celts due to hafting, 89, 337
Polishers of stone, 266, 267; in Kent's Cavern, 492
Polishing, absence of from palæolithic implements, 649; processes for, 43
"Polissoirs," 262
Polygonal flakes, abundance of, in River-Drift, 642
Poppe, Mr. A., doubtful discoveries of hafted hatchets by, 163
Porphyritic greenstone, axes of, 193, 198; celts of, 104, 116, 124, 125, 129, 130, 136; chisel-like implement of, 176; knife of, 346; perforated adze of, 189
Porphyry, rolled fragments of, in Bournemouth gravels, 694; Spanish implements of, 529; slate, polished pebble of, 467
Pottery, absence of, from palæolithic deposits, 658; association of, with celts, 152; fragment of, from Cissbury, 79; in interments, 160, 248, 464; materials pounded for making, 257; possible use of bone instruments in making, 432; Roman, flint flakes with, 283; serrated flints for decorating, 296
"Pot-stone," or steatite, 444; why so called, 451
Poulton, Prof. E.B„ drift implements found by, 626
Pounders, pebbles used as, 244-248; ridged by use, 246; spherical, 250
Pounding-stones, palæolithic, probable uses of, 657
Pourtales, M. F. de, on the use of bone in arrow-chipping, 39
Pressigny-le-Grand, cores from, 27, 28; long flakes at, 29
Prestwich, the late Sir Joseph; researches with author in Somme valley, 490, 527; at Icklingham, 539; at Reculver, 613; his report on Brixham Cave, 512; section of Ouse valley, 531; section of Lark valley, 543; section of Reculver Sands, 617; on drift deposits at Hoxne, 574; on drift deposits capping chalk downs, 608; implements found by, 593, 632; on Fishertonbeds, 630; on uses of pointed implements, 645, 654; on river action, 663; on transporting power of ground-ice, 671; on disintegrating effect of frost, 672; on materials of drift gravels, 678; on level of Waveney valley, 683; old sea-beach found by at Waterbeach, 687; on valley erosion, 697; on difference between high and low level valley deposits, 699; on time needed for forming pipes of erosion, 707
Probert, Mr. C. K., drift implement found by, 538
Prometheus as to cave-dwelling men, 480
Promptorium Parvulorum quoted as to slick-stones, 441
Ptahmes, his name on stone knife, 8
Puddingstone, Hertfordshire, querns of, 259
Pulley-beads, 560
Pulley-shaped rings, of jet, 352, 398, 455 ; of cannel-coal, 456
"Pump-drill" for producing fire by friction, 48, 49
Punches, probable uses of in flint-flaking, 23, 25, 278; in making axes, 32
"Purgatory Hammer, 183
"Pygmy flints," 325
Pyrenees, Claudian on worked flints of the caves of, 480
Pyrites, association of, with worked flints, 5, 313, 314, 316; in Belgian bone caves, 15, 318; in interments, 265, 313, &c., 467; scored, in Trou de Chaleux, 318, 501; use of with flint for fire-producing, 5, &c.; its use evidenced by its name, 16
Pyrodes, myth as to his introduction of fire, 16, 313
Q
Quarries of stone for implements, 80
Quartz, American arrow or harpoon heads of, 407; Australian hafting of flakes of, 293; beads of, 465; celt of, 136; crystals of, used for boring, 322; Egyptian celt of, 113; flat disc of, 244; pebbles, association of, with flint flakes, 25; hammers of, 243, 248; pebbles in interments, 467; slickstones of, 442; Swiss arrow-head of, 402; implements, African, 653; implements from Portugal, 529
Quartzite, axe-hammer of, 207; celt of, 113; flakes of, 281; hammer-heads of, 225, 228, 229; implements of, 587, 593, 650, 651, 654; implements from Somaliland, 653; mauls of, 234; pebbles of, battered glacial, 561; pebbles, implements of, 566, 579, 594; pebles in Little Ouse valley, 682; plano-convex disc of, 231; qualities of, for implement making, 581; Scotch arrow-head of, 377; spherical implement of, 244
Quaternary beds, freshwater origin of, 679; first discovery of implements in, 581; in Portugal, 529; reported human remains in, 703; fauna, continental conditions of in England, 707; gravel, character of flint implements from, 12
Queen Charlotte Islands, basalt hammer from, 25
Querns, 258-260; from Brochs, 463
Quoit, disc resembling, 440
R
Rabut, M., hammer-stone found by, in the Lac du Bourget, 246
Rain, proportion of, that reaches chalk springs, 675
Rainfall, dependence of height of saturation of chalk on, 664; valley erosion dependent on amount of, 666, 668
Rats, perforated discs for guarding against, 439
Rau, Prof., his experiments on boring stone, 48; referred to, 237, 241
Rayos or Centellos, 58
Razors, Mexican, of obsidian, 290
Read, Mr. C. J., on Milford Hill finds, 632
Read, Mr. C. H., on Bolas, 423
Read, Mr. W., C. E., drift implements found by, 623
Red deer, antlers of, used in flint digging, 33; found at Cissbury, 79; flat instrument made from, 432; circle of in barrow, 466; sockets made from, 160
"Red woman of Paviland," 487
Reeds, use of, for shafting arrows, 369, 409, 410
Refuse heaps in Dordogne caves, 478
"Regenbogen-schüsseln," with flint arrow-head, 397
Reid, Mr. Clement, on the Arctic flora of Hoxne, 577; on the Hoxne deposits, 685
Reindeer or Cavern Period, arrow-heads of, 361; cave-dwellers of, in S. of France, 277; characteristics of, 53; characteristics of caves of the, 482; objects found in caverns of, 321; scrapers of, 311; toothed flakes of, 296;_ use of red paint in, 264; worked stones in caves of, 245
Reindeer horn, Eskimo flaking-tool tipped with, 37; harpoon-heads of, 484; rows of holes bored in, 321
Religious rites, survival of ancient customs in, 5, 7
"Reliquiæ Diluvianæ," Dean Buckland's, 487
Resin, its use in mounting flakes, 293, 409
Rhinoceros, bones of leg of, in apposition, 701; hemitœchus, remains of, in Wales with human works, 520
Rib, with incised horse on it, 523
Rib-like bone, marks of sawing on, 539
"Ribbon-sling," 417
Richard, Abbe, flint flakes found by, in tomb of Joshua, 9; Syrian drift implements shewn by, 652
Rickard, Mr. J. C, on palæolithic African implements, 653
Ridged flakes defined, 641
Ridges worn on hammer stones, 246
Ridley, Messrs, E. P. & H. N., on fossil plants at Hoxne, 577
Rigollot, Dr., on implements at St. Acheul, 526, 527
Rings of jet in interments, 265, 266, 308, 352, 426, 455; with radial perforations, 454, 456; of Kimmeridge shale, 456; penannular, of bronze, 456; of Samian ware, 466; spiral, of bronze, 398; of stone, 465; studs combined with, for fastenings, 454
Ripple marking on Egyptian and Danish blades, 359; on British arrow-heads, 392, 393
River basins, present lowering of, 668
River Drift, antiquity of, 662, &c.; causes of crumpling, 697, 698; and surface periods, gap between, 650, 704; implements of, 526, et seqq.; implements compared with those of caves, 474; French and English, resemblance of, 627, 630; mammalian remains in, 528, &c.; molluscan in, 531, 536, 539, &c.; sorting of materials of, by water action, 667, 673
River gravels, scrapers rarely found in, 311; stone implements found in, 147-150
Rivers, amount of detritus carried by, 667; former,near Cromer,572; former, preceding the Solent, 622, 634, 690,694; former, connected with the Waveney, 577; former, represented by the Wye, 521; origin of systems of, 665; transporting power of, 666, &c.
Rivers, General Pitt, his explorations at Cissbury, 33, 78-82; on the classification of flint arrows, 370; on implements in the London gravels, 589; flint flakes found by, in Egyptian gravel, 652; palæolithic implements found by, 604
Robenhausen, pyrites found in lake settlement of, 15
Robinson, Sir J. C, palæolithic implements found by, 626
Rock-crystal, perforation of, on the Rio Negro, 52; piece of in cist, 468
Rocks, calcareous, erosion of, 477, &c.
Rock-shelters, formation of, 476
Rolled condition of implements in lower parts of valleys, 681
Rolleston, the late Prof., his find at Oxford, 593
Rolling-pin and bed-stone, 250
Romano-British village, "coal money" in, 465; shale cups in, 448
Roman remains, stone objects with, 109, 144, 237, 244, 283; in Lark valley, 543; sites, flakes found on, 283; sites, bone pins on, 431; sites, discoidal stone weights on, 443; soldier with bracer represented on monument, 430
Romans, ceremonial use of flint by the, 9; pyrites used by, for fire-producing, 313; staff-sling used by, 418
Rome, bronze shears used at, by priest of Jupiter, 5
Roots, possible use of pointed implements in digging for, 645, 655
Rose, Mr., his suggestion as to tube-boring, 50
Rotatory mill, 254
Roughening of implements for insertion into sockets, 46, 125, 128, 136; of hammers for grasping, 243
Roundels of stone, suggested use of, 49
"Round-nosed chisels," stone implements resembling, 180
Rowe, Rev. A, L., quartzite drift implement found by, 578
Rubbers needed for polishing concave surfaces, 266
Ruddle, rubbing stone associated with, 263; nodules of, with charcoal, 263, 264
Rumph on the "Dondersteenen " of Java, 59
Runic characters on stone celts, 58
Rushes, use of, for cord in hafting, 292
Rutley, Mr. F., drift implement found by, 616
S
Sabines, use of bronze knives by priests of the, 5
Sabre-toothed tiger, presence of, in British caves, 508, 524
Saddle-querns, 251
St. Acheul, Kent's Cavern implements of the age of, 495
St. Alban's mill dues, 258
"Salagramma pebble, " Indian custom concerning, 468
Salmon, M. Philippe, his division of the Stone ages, 485
Salt-mines, grooved axes in, 169; stone mauls found in, 234
"Samian ware," ring of, 466
Sand, use of, in boring stone, 49; use of, in grinding concave surfaces, 266; polishing effect of, 659
Sandars, Mrs. E., side scraper found by, 636
Sandstone, cup of, 444 ; grooved pieces of, 83; grooved nodule of, as sinkstone, 236; perforated plates of, 428, 431; pyriform piece of, 442
Sarmatians, their early ignorance of the use of iron, 7
"Sarsen-stone," mullers of, 248; interment under, 352
Saucer of shale, 443
Savage Island, shaped sling-stones in, 418
Savages, modern, hafting of implements by, 155, 161, &c.; their use of perforated implements, 215; of stone implements, 172; of unmounted tools, 171
Savoy, superstition regarding celts in, 57
Saws, flint, in La Madelaine caves, 484; serrated flakes as, 249, 297; small flakes mounted as. 293
Sawing, mechanical aids to, 44; modern experiments in, 44, 297; signs of, rare in British implements, 43; traces of, on Spanish celt, 44
Saxo Grammaticus on Thor's Hammer, 62
Saxon graves, fibula and flints in, 144; flint arrow-heads in, 397; quern in, 259; steels and chipped flints in, 283
Saxon remains in Lark valley, 543; spindle-whorl with, 439
Scales offish in river drift, 540, 541
Scaling fish, possible use, of scrapers for, 312, note
Scalping knife, possible use of stone blade as, 355
Scandinavian axes, 184; how bored, 49; blades, crescent-shaped, 297; flint knives, 8; harpoon-heads, 277; hone, 271; superstitions as to stone implements, 366, 469; two-edged flint blades, 294
Schlalum Indians, adze of the, 166
Scheffer, on burial customs of the Lapps, 283 Lapp divining stone engraved by, 470
Schliemann, arrow-heads found by, at Mycenæ, 403; flakes for sickles found by, 297; grooved stone mentioned by, 235; mealing stones found by, 253; on Trojan sling bullets, 418
Schmerling, Dr., his discoveries in Belgian caves, 481
Schoolcraft on American perforated maces, 216; on hammer-stones, 219, 241
Sciat-hee, Sir D. Wilson on the, 366
"Scies," 296
Scotch fir, submerged forest of, at Bournemouth, 695
Scrapers, classification of, 300; discoidal, 302, 308; double-ended, 307; duck-bill shaped, 304, 305; from Palæolithic Floor, 600; hollow, 319; horseshoe-shaped, 300, 308, 311; in brick-earth, 599; iron-mounted in Merovingian graves, 314; irregular in form, 306; kite-shaped, 303, 304; in kjökken-möddings, 310; method of making, 36, 298, &c.; modern use of, 299, 320; numerous, where flint abounds, 310; rare in River Drift, 643; resemblance between ancient and modern, 314, 315; of the Reindeer Period, 311; spoon-shaped, 308, 310; straight, 319; traces of wear on, 311, 495; use of, in preparing hides, 311, 312; use of, in producing fire, 312-319, 501; why so named, 643; with bronze weapons, 309
Scraping, results of, on flint flakes, 289; wear from, on Brixham flints, 516
Scythes, myths concerning, 361
Scythians, their skill in archery, 361; their bronze arrow-heads, 368
Sea, rate of encroachment by the, 695; on soft cliffs, 707; at Reculver, 686
Sea shells in Whittlesea Mere, 681
Sections of Brixham Cave, 512, 513; at Bromehill, 560, 561; at Hackney Down, 584; of Hitchin brickfield, 536, 537; at Hoxne, 574, 575; of Isle of Wight, 626; of Kent's Cavern deposits, 491; of Lark valley, 543; of Ouse valley, 531, 551; of Rea valley, 579; of Reculver cliffs, 617; at Shrubhill, 569; of gravels at Southampton, 623
Seeley, Mr. H., on an incised bone, 539
Sehested, Mr., his experiments with stone implements, 50, 69
Selci romboidale, 325
Sellers, Mr. G. E., on stone-chipping, 24
Sérifontaine, pits for flint extraction at, 35
Serpentine arrow-head, Swiss, 402; axe-hammers, 206, 213; celts, 66, 125, 130, 138; chisel, Swiss, 177; Merovingian pendants 470; ovoid implement, 467; perforated discs, 216; hammers, 221, 224; ring, 465
Serpula limestone, instruments of, 128, 227
Serration, varying, of flint saws, 294, 297
Seton-Karr, Mr. H. W., discoveries in Somaliland, 652, 653; palæolithic Egyptian implements found by, 652
Sets or punches, 24, 25
Shafting of arrow-heads, methods of, 408-411
Shafts of arrows, compound, 410; concave scrapers for, 320; grooved pebbles for straightening, 268; South American, 407
Shale, cups of, 445; pendants of, 463; rings of, 466
Sharpening-stones, 161-171
Sharp-rimmed implements, classification of, 646
Shasta Indians, arrow -chipping among, 39, 40
Shelley, Mr., flakes collected by, 278
Shell-gouges, Carib use of, 182
Shells, extinct in England, in Cam river-drift, 539; fossil, as ornaments, 484; freshwater, their evidence as to source of gravels, 679; fresh water, with Hoxne implements, 684; fresh water and land, in Ouse gravels, 531; land and marsh at Hampton, 617; used as pendants, 470
Shetland blades, 347
Shield, wooden, in Saxon tumulus, 163
Shoe-shaped implements defined, 645
Shore-ice, transporting power of, 672
Shoshonee Indians; military flail used by, 423
Shrubsole, Mr. O. A., on the Caversham beds, 592
Sibbald, Sir Robert, on elf-arrows, 362; on the artificial nature of flint arrow-heads, 363
Siberian use of stones for pounding, 245
Sickle, bronze, of Medea, 5
Sickles, Egyptian, 297; possible use of curved knives as, 358
Side-scrapers, definition of, 300, 302; in caves and River drifts, 548, 635, 643
Silex, suggested etymology of, 15
Silica, two forms of, in flint, 497
Silver, arrow-heads mounted in, 365,367; present use of stone tools in working, 232
Similarity of wants, similarity of implements due to, 235, 407
Sinew, animal, modern use of, in arrow-shafting, 409, 410; Eskimo weapon of chase made of, 422; its use for sewing, 507, 657
Sink-stones, present use of, 236, 237
Siret, M. M., saddle-querns found by, in Spain, 252
"Skelbs," Scottish for flakes, 275
Skeletons, bracers on arms of, 426, 429, 456; cause of contracted attitude, 149; contracted, articles with, 309, 313; female, necklaces with, 457, 459, 462, 463; jet ornaments with, 454; pebbles in hands of, 467, 468; in Quaternary beds, 656, 703; in Spain, articles found with, 333, 352
Skertchlcy, Mr., on manufacture of gun-flints, 15, 18; on the date of the Brandon beds, ,568
Skins, flakes hafted by, 293; preparation of, with stone implements, 127, 299, 340; scraper for, from Kent's Cavern, 499
Skull, human, in Cheddar Cave, 486; in gravel pit of Ouse valley, 542; near Bury St. Edmunds, 656, 703
Slabs for sharpening stone implements, 261
Sladen, Major, jade celts brought from China by, 127
Slate, chlorite, perforated plates of, 425; knives of, 358; used for arrows and lance-heads, 404
"Slekenstone," its renderings into Latin, 441
Slickstone of glass in woman's grave, 442
Slickstones, various, 441
Sling, early use of the, 417
Slinging by means of split stick, 417
Sling-stones, early forms and materials of, 418; in Kjökken-möddings, 419; their relation to intrenchments, 420
Sloane catalogue, reference to "British weapon" in, 581
Smith, Mr. G., implement found by, at Southsea, 626; Captain G. V., experiments with Kjökken-mödding axes, 69; Captain John, on arrow-chipping in Virginia, 40; Mr. Worthington G., echini found by, in barrow, 468; flakes fitted on to palæolithic cores by, 20, 598 ; finds old land surface under brick-earth, 598 ; palæolithic implements found by, in gravels, 530, 583-586, 601-604, 611, 624
Smoothing stone, tanged, 443
Snake River Indians, arrow-chipping by, 40
Snake-stones, snake bites treated by, 437
Socket of celts, polishing due to friction of, 89, 142; intermediate, of stag's horn, 158, 160; mode of fastening axe in, 156; stone, for hinge, 242
Solent, ancient river of the, 634, 637; its former basin, 638, 690; subsequent widening of, 691
Solinus on the abundance of jet in Britain, 464
Solutré, characteristics of Age of, 484
Solvent power of carbonic acid, 675
Somme, implements in the drift of the valley of the, 490
Sophocles, his mention of the bronze sickle of Medea, 5
Sotacus, concerning Cerauniæ, 64, 480; his date, 65
South Sea Islanders, adze-like implement of, 138
Spanish trillas, 284
Spalls of flint, 564
Spalding, Mr. F., 179
Spear-heads of flint, 348, &c.; with notches at side 351
Spear-shafts, concave scrapers for shaping, 320
Specks, shining, on flints from the gravel, 565, 659
Spiennes, cores from, 27; flint manufactory at, 34; stag's horn hammers at, 35
Spindles, upright, of corn-mills, 242
Spindle-whorls, 436, &c.; absent in palæolithic times, 657; cidares used as, 469; in Kent's Cavern, 492; varieties of, 438
Spinning and weaving, early practice of, 436; method of, 437
Spinning-wheel, possible classical use of, 436
Spiral ornament on bone bead, 211; on glass bead, magic virtue of, 437
Splinters and flakes of flint, distinction between, 275
Springs in the chalk, 664, 675
Spurrell, Mr. Flaxman C. J., flint flakes replaced on cores by, 20, 606; on final flaking of Danish daggers, 42; implements found by, 572, 605, 606; on ripple-marked Egyptian blades, 359; on stone implement making at Kahun, 45; on flakes mounted for sickles, 297
Staff-sling, its use in Roman times, 418
Stag's horn, axe or hoe of, 434; bone-tipped implement of, 416; for hafting celts, 128; for hafting flakes, 292; hammers of, 35, 41, 186, 434; implements for arrow-flaking, 41, 393; in interments, 148, 398; in mines, 233, 234; picks of, 33, 34; punch of, for obsidian working, 25; sockets of, 158, 161; in Swiss Lake-dwelling, 321
Stalactite, formation of, 479; piece of in barrow, 466
Stalagmite, deposition of, 479; of Kent's Cavern, 511
Stan-æx and stan-bill, 145
Stanley, the late Hon. W. O., researches in Holyhead, 230, 234, 244, 252, 450, 466
Steatite, cup of, 444; New Caledonian sling-stones of, 418; sawed with string and sand, 45; tubes of in Ohio valley, 50; its use for hollow vessels, 451
Steels with flints in Saxon graves, 283
Steenstrup, on marks of attrition on celts, 80, 297; as to use of Kjökken-mödding axes, 69
"Steenstrup's markings" on oval blade, 337
Stevens, Mr. Alfred H., implements found by at Bournemouth, 635; the late Mr. E. T., classification by, of palæolithic implements, 641, 644, 646-648; implements found by, 627; Dr. Joseph, drift implements found by, in Thames valley, 143, 591, 592; referred to, 277
Stick, split, slinging by means of, 417
Stone of the Arrows, 262
Stone of Heaven, 5
Stone Age, division of into Earlier and Later stages, 12, 474
Stone and Bronze Periods, overlapping of, 89, 143, 150, 211, 471, &c.
Stone weight, name suggestive of origin, 443
Stopes, Mr. H., Syrian and Egyptian implements found by, 652
Strabo, on the exportation of amber to England, 449
"Strahlhammer," 63
Streams, carrying power of, 666
"Strike-a-lighf" flints, arrow-heads used for, 400; present manufacture of, 17, 21; their resemblance to early scrapers, 314
Studs of amber, 456; of jet with rings in interments, 454-456
Strombus gigas, gouge-like instrument formed from, 182
Stukeley, his account of a stone axe, 183; on elf's arrows, 366
Submarine forest at Bournemouth, 695; at Hunstanton, celt found in tree of, 150
"Subterranean reservoir" of the chalk, 664
Suetonius on a portentous find of stone axes, 65
Superstitions concerning stone: adzes, 59; arrow-heads, 363-367; axes, 62, 63, 145, 183; celts, 56-61; hammers, 62; "lucky-stones," 469; pebbles, 467, 468; "witch-stone," 470
Surface-flaking of arrow-heads, 392, 393
Surface Period, synonymous with Neolithic, 12
Surface drainage, lessening with amelioration of climate, 676
Survival of bronze implements in religious rites, 5
Swiss Lake-dwellings, arrow-heads, bone, in, 402; animals, domesticated, 358; awls, perforated, 323; bastard gouges, 182; bitumen, use of in hafting, 170, 409; celts, socketed, 128, 136; degree of civilization in, 358; disc, perforated, 191; flakes, trimmed, 327; flakes, mounting of, 502; hafting of celts, 167; hafting of hatchets, 155, 158, 162; knife, peculiar, 348; needles of bone, 433; sling-stones, 418
Swords, bronzy, 4; leaf-shaped Egyptian, 8; Mexican obsidian, 294
Sword-like blades, Irish, of slaty stone, 363
Syenite, axe-hammer of, 211; celt of, 127; and greenstone, celts of at Kent's Cavern, 488
Symonds, Rev. W. S., on changes in Wye valley, 521
T
"Taawisch," Nootka Sound war axes, 157
Tacitus, on the arrows of the Fenni, 361
Tahitians, their shaped sling-stones, 419; sharpening of hatchets by, 263; stone pestle of, 257
Tasmanians, pebble superstitions among the, 468; unmounted celts used by, 171
Taunus slate, perforated hoe of, 191
Taylor, Mr. J. B., African palæolithic imple- ments brought by, 653
Teeth, attrition of, by grit from grinding-stones, 253, 254
Teneriffe, use of obsidian knives in, 8
Terraces of gravel left during erosion of valleys, 73; near London, 590, 685; in Waveney valley, 578
Tertiary implements, so called, 658
Teutonic interments, stone objects in, 468, 470
"Thesaurus Brandenburgicus," occurrence of Celtes in, 55
Thong-drill, use of, 48
"Thor's Donnerkeil," 51
Thor's hammers, 62, 145, 184
Threshing instrument resembling the tribulum, 284
"Thumb-flint," method of making, 36
"Thunder axes," 56
"Thunder-stones" in Dutch Guiana, 271; in Western Africa, 60
Thurburn, Capt. H., Greek celts brought by, 126; African celt brought by, 241
Thurnam, the late Dr., on the connection of leaf-shaped arrow-heads with long barrows, 377; on flat plates of stone, 427; on javelin-heads, 370; referred to, 244, 250, 269, 280, 291, 294, 309
Tibia, its use suggested by its name, 432
Tierra del Fuego, pyrites used in for producing fire. 15
Tiffin, Mr., junr., implements found by, 627, 634
Tiger, sabre-toothed, in Kent's Cavern, 508; in Creswell Crags, 524
"Tilhuggersteene," Danish, 241
Time, incalculable, needed for geological changes, 609, &c.
Tindall, Mr. E., implements found by, 249, 251, 295, 332
Tinder-boxes, no early record of the use of flint for, 17
Tiryns, flint flakes from, 403
Tobacco pipes, N. American, boring of, 52
"Toki" of the Maoris, 172
Toltecs, use of stone mortars by, 257
Tomahawks, Australian, 26; mounting of, i66; time required to make, 52; North American, 216
"Tonderkiler" and "Torden-steen," 57
Tongue-shaped implements defined, 644; found, 539, 572, 649
Topley, Mr. W., on possible ice action in Darent valley, 610; ovate implement found by, 621
Tor Bryan Caves, 516, 517
Torquay Nat. Hist. Soc., exploration of Kent's Cavern by, 490
Torquemada, his account of Aztec obsidian working, 23; on Mexican razors, 290
Touraine, flint industry of, 30
"Traha," a form of tribulum, 284
"Trail and warp," 698
Trees, branches of, with bones under gravel, 595; species of, in Bournemouth submarine forest, 695; below Hitchin brick-earth, 537; in Hoxne brick-earth, 575
Tremlett, Admiral, on the cutting power of jasper flakes, 6
Trephining, practice of, in the Stone Period, 289
Tribrach-formed instrument, 77, 78
Tribulum, Varro's description of the, 284
Trigg (formerly Prigg), the late Mr. Henry, implements found by, 539-542, 550, 554-556, 558, 578; section of Redhill by, 551
Trimmer, Mr., on Trail and Warp, 698
Trou de Chaleux, pyrites in, 286
Trough, triturating, 252
Troy, earthenware whorls from site of, 439; sling-bullets from, 418
Troyon, M., on stone boring, 50; on the use of sand in sawing stone, 44
Truguet, M. Franck de, Swiss boring instrument found by, 46
Trunk interments, 398, 447, 448
Tube, boring by means of, 47, 49, 52; in Klemm collection, 49
Tubularia, hammer-head of fossil mass of, 229
Tumulus, mixing of objects of different date in, 210
Turquoise mines, stone hammers found in, 234
Turquoises on Mexican dagger-hilt, 325
"Turtle-backs" of Trenton, 80, 654
Tuscans, their ceremonial use of a bronze ploughshare, 5
Tusks of wild boar in interments, 83, 148, 328, 427
Tweezers, bone, 433; bronze, l, 440
"Twibill," 146
Twigs, hafting of stone blade by, 347
Tylor, Mr. Alfred, on detritus brought down by rivers, 667; on fluviatile beds, near London, 584; on the "Pluvial Period," 698
Tylor, Dr. E. B., on etymology of "superstition," 8; on obsidian working in Peru, 24, 290; on stone drilling, 48
Tyndall, Prof., on conditions of glacier formation, 698
U
Ulna of whale, axe made of, 435
Ulus, or Eskimo women's knives, 343
Ulysses, his use of the drill, 48
"Underground house of Skaill," objects found in, 255
Upsala, axe in museum of, with Runic inscription, 58
Urns, bronze and stone objects in, 208, 269, &c.; ornamented, found with bracer, 427; jet ornaments with, 456; wooden bodkin in, 433
Use, traces of, on implements, 504, 555, 647
Utensils, domestic, 436-451
V
Valleys, climatal changes shewn by deposits in, 699; erosion of, later than cave deposits, 513, 521; erosion of, later than gravel deposits, 580; erosion of, affected by changes of climate, 666, 676, 697; erosion of, hypothetical, 662-678; retrogression of heads of, 674, 683, 686
Valley slopes, detritus gradually left on, 673
Varro, his description of the tribulum, 284
Vegetable fibre, use of, in hafting arrows, 407, 409; matter, decaying, a source of carbonic acid, 675
Venus, Paphian, on Cypriote coins, 10
Vesica piscis-formed implements, 647
Vessels, stone, in English barrows, 450, 451
Vertebræ, human, with arrow-heads embedded, at the Grotte du Castellet, 375, 401; in la Marne, 396; near Copiapo, 406
Victoria Cave, doubly barbed harpoon from, 505; River, stone working on the banks of the, 26
Viking grave of woman, slick-stone in, 442
Villas, Roman, stone celts found in, 144
Vincent of Beauvais as to derivation of "silex," 15
Vincent, M., his early discovery of flint implement, 527
Virginia, early account of arrow-chipping by Indians of, 40
Virgil, bronze arms mentioned by, 4; bronze sickle of Elissa, 5; on flint and steel, 16; quoted as to jactare, 147
Vivian, Mr. E., his examination of Kent's Cavern, 488, 490
Vogt, Prof. Carl, suggestions as to stone roundels, 49
Vogué, M. de, Syrian palæolithic implement obtained by, 652
Von Estorff on stone boring, 49
Von Sacken, Baron, on the Hallstatt graves, 7
Vulgate, occurrence of Celte in, 55
W
Wallong, the Australian, 243
Walrus, remains of, in Whittlesea Mere, 681
Walrus tooth used for tipping flaking tools, 24
Wapiti, chisels made from horn of, 434
War-axe of Gaveoë Indians, 156; of Nootka Sound Indians, 157
War, blunting of axes for, 196; or chase, probable use of stone balls in, 422; decorations on weapons of, 226
War maces, possible use of circular pebbles as, 231; paint, interment of, with the dead, 264
Waring, Miss, drift implement found by, 608
"Warp and trail," 593, 698
Warren, Mr. Hazzeldine, implements found by, 139, 603
Washing linen, "batting staff" employed in, 256
"Wasters," presence of, in flint implement manufactories, 385, 649
Water, its action on flint, 497; carbonic-acid-charged, its action on chalk, 477, 557; fresh, drift beds deposited by, 662; transporting power of, 513; transporting power dependent on rate of flow, 667
Water-mills, stone pivots and sockets for, 242
Watson, Mr. Knight, on the word Celte in Vulgate, 56
Wauwyl, flint manufactory at, 22
Way, the late Mr. Albert, his finds at Bournemouth, 635, 637; on the submerged forest at Bournemouth, 695; referred to, 74, 160, 254, 340, 347; Miss, drift implement found by, 636
Weapons, association of, with decorations in graves, 460; bronze, in the heroic times, 4; elaboration of, a mark of dignity, 216, 226; hammer-heads as, 224; probable use of perforated axes as, 215; Scandinavian form of, found in Britain, 213; wearing and rechipping of, 349
Wear on implements, its evidence as to mode of use, 311
Weaving, early practice of, 436; possible use of perforated stones in, 237
Weaverthorpe, stag's horn pick found at, 34
Wedding dress cut out by stone knife, 348
Wedge, bone, 24; certain celts possibly used as, 82, 87, 655; of granite, 97; tightening of hafting by means of, 233
Wells in the chalk, varying height of water in, 664
Westlake, Mr. E., implement found by, 632
Wexovius as to reindeer marrow, 504
Weights for scales, stones as, 443
Whale, axe made from ulna of, 435; remains of near Cambridge, 681
Wheel-lock, use of pyrites in, 16
Whetstones, 261-271; of the Bronze Period, 268; in caves, 504; Danish, 264, 265; with gold cup in coffin, 449; in interments, 185, 268, 271, 332, 353; with iron loop for suspension, 270; with metal handles, 270, 271; Spanish perforated, 438
Whitaker, Mr. W., palæolithic implements found by, 538, 587, 607, 611, 612, 613
Whitbourn, the late Mr., implement found by, in Wey valley, 319, 594
White pebbles, symbolism of, 468
Whitening of flint, 497, 549, 556
Wild goose, remains of, in Fisherton beds, 631
Wilde, Sir William, on boring instruments for stone, 47; on classification of arrow-heads, 370; late use of stone implements recorded by, 11; on Irish treatment of sick cattle, 365; on use of celt in Irish weaving, 440; referred to, 154, 177, 215, 223, 232, 270, 272, 308
Willett, Mr. Ernest, his explorations at Cissbury, 78; his discovery at Brighton, 622
William of Poitiers quoted, 146
Williams, Rev. T. J., on white stones in interments, 468
Wilson, the late Sir Daniel, on American stone hammers, 235; on celt found in canoe, 150; on "elf-arrows," 366; on a find of "Picts' knives," 346; on stone boring, 47; on stone cups as lamps, 445
Wire, Mr. A. P., pointed implement found by, 603
"Witch-stone" as protection for cattle, 476
Withies, stone implements hafted by, 167, i68, 233, 239
"Witters" or barbs of arrow-heads, 370, note
"Women's knives," Eskimo, 343
Wood, bodkin of, in urn, 433; fire produced by friction of, 313; fossil, trom Tnanet sands, 620; method of preserving, 152; spindles of, with Roman (remains, 439; split, hafting of daggers in, 349; split, hafting of spear-heads in, 350; stone boring by means of, 48, 49, 50, 52; used for splintering obsidian, 24
Wood, Rev. J. G., his Nat. Hist, of Man referred to, 166, 167, 168, 299
Woods, various, used for hafting implements, 153, 155, 159. 160, 162, 163, 164
Wooden cup with handle in barrow, 448; figures, carved Egyptian, 369; objects associated with celts, 152
Woodward, Dr. Henry, crystal pick described by, 235; the late Dr. S. P., referred to, 627 Woodward, Dr., his suggestion as to arrow-heads, 407
Wookey Hyæna Den, 517—520
Wool, tissues of, in bronze interments, 437
Woollen cloth, skeleton wrapped in, 448
Worm, Olaf, on early stone implements, 363; his recognition of a Greenland harpoon, 410
Worsaae, Prof., suggestions as to early stone boring, 47, 48; referred to, 191, 232, 261, 271, 278, 298, 308, 353, 448
Wright, Mr. Arthur G., drift implement found by, 539
Wrist-guards of stone, 425-428
Wyatt, the late Mr. James, finds of implements, 572, 613; his section of Ouse valley, 531; referred to, 101, 110, 245, 340
Wye Valley, geological changes in, 521
Wyeth, Mr., on arrow-chipping by Snake River Indians, 40
X
Xanthorrhæa gum, its use in hafting hatchets, 137, 170
Xerxes, stone and iron-tipped arrows used by army of, 368
Y
Yew, flake-handle of, 292; in Hoxne beds, 575; probable use of for British bows, 411
Young, Mr. Lambton, C. E., drift implement from the Thames found by, 588
Yun-nan, jade-working in, 110
Z
Zinck, M., his criticisms on distinctions between palæo- and neo-lithic forms, 649
Zigzag incised lines on sandstone cup, 444; ornamentation on stone bracer, 430
Zuñis of New Mexico, arrow-head charms among the, 367