The Earth and Its Inhabitants/Asia/Volume 2
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
A S I A .
by
edited by
A. H. KEANE, B. A.,
memb. of council, anthropological institute.
VOL. II.
EAST ASIA:
CHINESE EMPIRE, COREA, AND JAPAN.
ILLUSTRATED BY NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS AND MAPS.
NEW YORK:
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,
1, 3, and 5 BOND STREET.
1884.
CONTENTS.
VOL. II
EAST ASIA.
| page | |||
| Chap. I. | General Survey | 1 | |
| East and West contrasted, p. 2. Isolation of China, p. 3. Intercourse with India and Europe, p. 4. Foreign Influence: Russian Encroachments, p. 8. Rivalry of the Eastern and Western Races, p. 9. Future Prospects, p. 12. | |||
| Chap. II. | Tibet | 13 | |
| Nomenclature, p. 13. Physical Outlines, p. 14. Extent, Exploration, Divisions, p. 15. The Kuen-lun Range, p. 17. Khachi: Lacustrine System, p. 19. Eastern Highlands and Rivers, p. 22. South Tibet, Trans-Himalayas, p. 23. Mount Kailas, Upper Satlaj, and Indus, p. 24. Lake Pang-kong, p. 29. The Tsangbo River, p. 30. Headwaters of the Great Indo-Chinese Rivers, p. 36. Climate, p. 38. Fauna and Flora, p. 40. Inhabitants: the Tibetans, p. 41. Buddhism, p. 44. Diet, Social Customs, Population, p. 48. Topography, p. 50. Trade and Trade Routes, p. 54. Administration, Postal Service, p. 56. | |||
| Chap. III. | Chinese Turkestan: The Tarim Basin | 58 | |
| Progress of Discovery, p. 58. Extent, Population, Water System, p. 60. The Yarkand and Kashgar Rivers, p 61. The Tarim and Lob-nor, p. 62. The Takla-makan Desert, p. 64. Flora and Fauna, p. 66. Inhabitants: the Kashgarians, p. 67. Routes and Passes, p. 69. Topography: Administrative Divisions, p. 70. | |||
| Chap. IV. | Mongolia | 74 | |
| I. The Kuku-nor p. 74. Relief of the Land, p. 74. Lake Kuku, p. 77. The Chaidam Basin, p. 78. Inhabitants: the Tangutans, p. 79. II. Mongolian Kansu, p. 80. Climate, p. 81. Routes, Extent, Population, p. 82. Inhabitants, Topography, p. 83. III. Zungaria and Kulja, or Ili, p. 88. Historical Routes, p. 88. Lake Zairam, p. 90. Inhabitants: the Zungarians, Dungans, and Taranchi, p 90. Topography, p. 91. IV. North Mongolia and the Gobi, p. 93. The Ektag Altaï and Tannu Ola Ranges, p. 95. Lakes Ubsa and Koso, p. 95. The Gobi Desert, p. 96. The Khingan and In-shan Highlands, p. 99. The Ordos Plateau and Ala-shan Uplands, p. 100. The Great Wall, p. 102. Inhabitants: the Mongolians, p. 103. Topography, p. 111. V. Chinese Manchuria, p. 115. Physical Features, p. 116. The Sungari and Liao-he Rivers, p. 117. Flora and Fauna, p. 119. Inhabitants: the Manchus, p. 120. Topography, p. 123. | |||
| Chap. V. | China | 128 | |
| General Survey, p. 128. Progress of Discovery, p. 129. Physical Features, Climate, p. 132. Flora and Fauna, p. 134. Inhabitants: the Chinese Race, p. 136. The Chinese Language, p. 137. Religion, p. 140. The Feng-shui, p. 143. Buddhism, p. 145. The Jews and Mohammedans, p. 147. The Christians, p. 151. Habits and Customs, p. 153. Secret Societies, the Taipings, p. 159. Basin of the Peï-ho, Province of Pechili, p. 162. Topography: Peking, p. 164. The Shantung Peninsula, p. 174. Topography, p. 175. The Hoang-ho Basin, Kansu, Shensi, Shansi, and Honan, p. 179. The Grand Canal and Lower Hoang-ho, p. 185. The Tsing-ling and other Ranges, p. 187. The Yellow Lands, p. 189. Topography, p. 192. Basin of the Yang-tze-kiang, Sechuen, Kweichew, Hupeh, Hunan, Nganhwei, Kiangsu, Kiangsi, Chekiang, p. 196. The Upper Yang-tze and Min, p. 199. The Middle Yang-tze and Han-kiang, p. 201. Lake Poyang and the Lower Yang-tze, p. 202. Sechuen Highlands, p. 205. Inhabitants of Sechuen, the Si-fan, p. 209. The Mantze, Lolo, and Chinese of Sechuen, p. 210. Province of Kweichew, the Miaotze, p. 214. Hunan, Kiangsi, and Chekiang, p. 217. Inhabitants of the Lower Yang-tze Basin, p. 219. Topography, p. 220. Eastern Slopes of the Nan-shan, 240. Inhabitants of Fokien, p. 241. Topography, p. 242. Basin of the Si-kiang, Kwangsi, and Kwangtung, p. 247. The Si-kiang River System, p. 248. The Canton Delta, p. 249. Climate of South China, p. 250. Inhabitants, p. 251. Topography, p. 253. Hong Kong, p. 257. Macao, p. 259. Yunnan, p. 263. Inhabitants, p. 267. The Panthay Insurrection, p. 268. Topography, p. 269. Hainan, p. 273. Formosa, p. 275. Inhabitants, p. 280. Topography, p. 281. Material and Social Condition of China, p. 284. The Chinese Towns, p. 285. Agriculture, p. 287. The Tea Trade, p. 291. Land Tenure, the Commune, p. 292. Industries, p. 295. Minerals, Metal Work, Bronzes, p. 298. Printing, the Labour Market, p. 299. Inland and Foreign Trade, p. 300. The Opium Question, p. 301. The Treaty Ports and Foreign Exchanges, Staples of Trade, p. 303. Highways, Railway Prospects, Telegraphs, p. 305. Foreigners in China, Chinese Emigration, p. 308. The New Ideas, Social Progress, Public Instruction, The Literati, p. 312. Pending Changes in the Social System, p. 314. Administration, Filial Devotion to the Head of the Family and of the State, p. 315. Imperial Authority, the Emperor's Household, p. 317. Education, Public Examinations, p. 320. The Mandarins, p. 322. Penal Code, p. 326. Army and Navy, p. 328. Revenue, Currency, p. 331. Administrative Divisions, p. 333. | |||
| Chap. VI. | Korea | 334 | |
| Progress of Discovery, Foreign Relations, p. 337. Physical Features, Orographic System, p. 339. The Korean Archipelagos, p. 340. Mineral Wealth, Flora and Fauna, Climate, p. 341. Inhabitants, Language, p. 344. Social Condition, Religion, p. 346. Habits and Customs, Trade, Industries, p. 348. Government, Administration, p. 351. Topography, p. 353. | |||
| Chap. VII. | Japan | 355 | |
| Form, Extent, Name, p. 356. Progress of Discovery, p. 358. The Kurile Archipelago, p. 360. Yeso, p. 362. Hondo, p. 364. The Nikko Highlands, a Buddhist Legend, p. 367. Asama-yama and Fuzi-san, p. 369. The Highlands of South Hondo, p. 371. Lake Biva, p. 373. The Inland Sea, p. 375. The Island of Sikok, p. 376. The Island of Kiu-siu, p. 378. The Riu-kiu (Lu-chu) and Goto Archipelagos, p. 381. Hydrographic System, Chief Rivers, p. 386. Climate, p. 387. Vegetation, p. 389. Fauna, p. 393. Inhabitants, the Ainos, p. 396. The Aborigines of Japan, p. 400. The Japanese Race, p. 401. Language and Letters, p. 408. The Art of Printing, p. 410. Religion: Sintoism, p. 411. Buddhism, p. 415. Christianity, p. 416. Topography of the Kuriles and Yeso, p. 418. Topography of Nip-pon, p. 421. Topography of Sikok, Kiu-siu, and Riu-kiu, p. 441. The Bonin Archipelago, p. 444. Vital Statistics, Agriculture, p. 446. Rice and Tea Culture, p. 447. Natural Resources of Yeso, p. 450. Land Tenure, Mining Industry, p. 450. Manufactures, Japanese Art, Porcelain, p. 453. Lacquer-ware. Paper, p. 455. Decline of Art, Traffic in "Curios," p. 459. Foreign Trade, p. 462. Shipping, p. 466. Roads, Railways, Telegraphs, p. 467. Literature and Public Instruction, p. 469. Historic Retrospect, the Revolution, p. 470. Administration, p. 473. Finance, Army and Navy, p. 475. | |||
| Appendix: | Statistical Tables | 477 | |
| Index | 485 | ||
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
MAPS PRINTED IN COLOURS.
| page | page | |||||
| 1. | Turkestan and Inner Asia. | 58 | 4. | Canton and the Pearl River | 249 | |
| 2. | China | 128 | 5. | The Islands of Japan | 355 | |
| 3. | Peking and Neighbourhood | 164 | 6. | Tokio and its Bay | 423 | |
PLATES.
| The Yang-tze-kiang—Mitan Gorge | To face page | 3 | A Street in Kin-kiang—Types and Costumes | To face page | 229 |
| The Lantzan-kiang—Hogg's Gorge | 37 | Tower of Long-hua, Shanghai | 236 | ||
| Ovis Ammon—Ibex Siberica—Ovis Nahura—Markhor Ram | 40 | Female Types and Costumes—Province of Fokien | 241 | ||
| Monastery at Shigatzé | 51 | Buddhist Monastery at Yuen-fu on the Min, South of Fuchew-fu | 243 | ||
| Lassa—Lamassery of Potala in the Seventeenth Century | 52 | Lake Tali—View Taken from the North | 270 | ||
| Chinese Turkestan—Types and Costumes | 58 | Formosan Types and Costumes—Butan Captives in Japan | 280 | ||
| Upper Kara-kash Valley | 60 | Paper-mill, China | 299 | ||
| Street Scene, Yarkand | 72 | M. Tseng—Chinese Minister in Paris | 317 | ||
| Mongolian Desert—Tomb of Lama and Encampment | 80 | Korean Mandarins | 344 | ||
| Dungans and Taranchis—Types and Costumes | 91 | Fuzi Yama—View taken from the South-west | 370 | ||
| Manchu Ministers—Chiefs of Banners | 121 | Lake Hakone | 372 | ||
| View taken from the Summer Palace, Peking | 164 | Cape Horner—View taken from the Entrance of Kago-sima Bay | 380 | ||
| Nan-kow, Southern Gate of the Great Wall—View taken from Pata-ling | 173 | Japanese Peasantry | 386 | ||
| View on the Upper Yang-tze-kiang | 190 | Aino—Types and Costumes | 397 | ||
| Road cut through the "Yellow Earth" | 192 | Japanese Types and Costumes | 409 | ||
| River View on the Upper Yangtze-kiang | 203 | Types and Costumes of Citizens of Tokio | 423 | ||
| Chinese Miners—Upper Yang-tze Highlands | 221 | View of Odovara; taken from Tokai-do | 429 | ||
| Hankow—Han-kiang and Yang-tze Confluence | 227 | Birdseye View of Nagasaki | 442 | ||
ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT.
| EAST ASIA. | ||
| fig. | page | |
| 1. | Itinerary of H'wen-Tsang | 6 |
| 2. | Encroachments of Asiatic Russia on China | 8 |
| 3. | Itineraries of the Tibetan Explorers | 16 |
| 4. | Upper Kara-kash Valley | 19 |
| 5. | Lake Dangra-yum and Targot Mountains | 20 |
| 6. | Tengri-nor | 21 |
| 7. | Mount Kailas and the Four Sacred Rivers | 25 |
| 8. | The Mansaraûr Basin | 26 |
| 9. | Lake Pang-kong: Encampment of the English Expedition of 1871 | 23 |
| 10. | Lake Pang-kong | 29 |
| 11. | Lake Palti | 30 |
| 12. | Course of the Tsangbo | 32 |
| 13. | Course of the Tsangbo | 33 |
| 14. | Course of the Tsangbo | 34 |
| 15. | Course of the Tsangbo | 35 |
| 16. | Tibetan Ethnography | 43 |
| 17. | Prayer inscribed on a Rock | 45 |
| 18. | Tibetan Amulet | 46 |
| 19. | Lassa | 52 |
| 20. | Trade Routes of Tibet | 54 |
| 21. | Itineraries of the Tian-shan Nan-lu | 59 |
| 22. | The Tian-shan Nan-lu, from a Chinese Map | 61 |
| 23. | Lake Karashar | 63 |
| 24. | Lob-nor | 64 |
| 25. | Races of Chinese Turkestan | 68 |
| 26. | Routes from Kashgar to Ferghana | 70 |
| 27. | Khotan and the Southern Plateaux | 71 |
| 28. | Yarkand and Yangi-shahr | 73 |
| 29. | Sources of the Hoang-ho, from a Chinese Map | 76 |
| 30. | Kuku-nor | 77 |
| 31. | West End of the Great Wall | 82 |
| 32. | Fortified Villages near Lantchew, Province of Kansu | 84 |
| 33. | Oases of Barkul and Hami | 86 |
| 34. | Urumtsi, Turfan, and surrounding Mountains | 87 |
| 35. | Ebi-nor | 89 |
| 36. | Chuguchak and the Tarbagatai Range | 92 |
| 37. | Valley of the Tekes | 93 |
| 38. | Section of the Gobi, going East and West | 94 |
| 39. | View in the Gobi | 97 |
| 40. | Section of the Gobi between Urga and Kalgan | 98 |
| 41. | South-east Corner of the Mongolian Plateau | 99 |
| 42. | The Great Wall, View taken at the Nankow Pass | 102 |
| 43. | Mongol Invasions and Conquests of their Successors | 104 |
| 44. | Inhabitants of Mongolia | 105 |
| 45. | Kobdo Plateau | 111 |
| 46. | Urga | 112 |
| 47. | Mongolian Highways | 113 |
| 48. | Mouth of the Liao-he | 118 |
| 49. | Manchu Woman | 122 |
| 50. | Confluence of the Nonni and Sungari | 124 |
| 51. | Lower Tumen Valley and Possiet Bay | 126 |
| 52. | The Nine Provinces according to the Yukung | 129 |
| 53. | China according to the Native Geographers | 130 |
| 54. | Kiang-su, according to Martini | 131 |
| 55. | Isothermals of China | 133 |
| 56. | Range of the Chinese Fauna | 135 |
| 57. | Chinese Dialects | 139 |
| 58. | The Nine Sacred Mountains.—The Chew Epoch | 141 |
| 59. | The Taiki, or Magic Looking-glass | 143 |
| 60. | Buddhist Priest | 145 |
| 61. | The Goddess Kwanyin | 146 |
| 62. | Domestic Altar.—The Smiling Buddha | 148 |
| 63. | Regions wasted by the Mohammedan Insurrections | 150 |
| 64. | A Chinese Savant | 153 |
| 65. | Chinese Children | 154 |
| 66. | Terrace with Funeral Urns near Amoy | 156 |
| 67. | Manchu Lady | 157 |
| 68. | Lands wasted by the Taïping Insurrection | 160 |
| 69. | Routes of the Chief Modern Explorers in China | 161 |
| 70. | Range of the Floodings of the Lower Pechili | 163 |
| 71. | Successive Displacements of Peking | 165 |
| 72. | The High Street, Peking | 166 |
| 73. | The Temple of Heaven, Peking | |
| 74. | Celestial Sphere in the Old Observatory, Peking | 169 |
| 75. | Tientsin | 171 |
| 76. | The Lower Peï-ho | 172 |
| 77. | Old Shantung Strait | 175 |
| 78. | Tengchew and Miao-tao Archipelago | 176 |
| 79. | Chefu | 177 |
| 80. | Trans-Ordos | 180 |
| 81. | Cliffs of Yellow Earth on the Hoang-ho | 181 |
| 82. | Shiftings of the Hoang-ho during Three Thousand Years | 182 |
| 83. | Recent Shiftings of the Hoang-ho | 183 |
| 84. | Yellow Sea | 186 |
| 85. | Terrace Lands of Shansi | 188 |
| 86. | Utai-shan | 189 |
| 87. | Yellow Lands of North China | 190 |
| 88. | Singan and the Lower Wei-ho Valley | 193 |
| 89. | Comparative Discharge of the Yang-tze and other Rivers | 197 |
| 90. | Navigable Course of the Yang-tze and its Tributaries | 198 |
| 91. | Old Mouths of the Yang-tze | 204 |
| 92. | Channels and Breakwaters between the Hoang-ho and Yang-tze | 205 |
| 93. | Channels and Breakwaters between the Hoang-ho and Yang-tze | 206 |
| 94. | Mountains between Tatsienlu and Batang | 207 |
| 95. | From the Min Valley to Tatsienlu | 208 |
| 96. | The Sechuen Highlands | 213 |
| 97. | Races of South-west China | 216 |
| 98. | Chingtu-fu Basin | 221 |
| 99. | The Tsing-ling and Singan | 223 |
| 100. | Course of the Yang-tze above the Gorges | 224 |
| 101. | I-chang Gorges | 225 |
| 102. | Wuchang: View taken from the Tower of the Yellow Crane (Hoang-ho-lew) | 228 |
| 103. | Hankow and surrounding Lakes | 229 |
| 104. | Nanking | 230 |
| 105. | Chingkiang | 232 |
| 106. | Shanghai and the Hoang-pu | 233 |
| 107. | Shanghai | 234 |
| 108. | Suchew before the Taïping War | 235 |
| 109. | Hangchew and the Si-hu | 237 |
| 110. | Ningpo and Tsinhai | 238 |
| 111. | Grand Chusan and Putu | 239 |
| 112. | Mouth of the Min | 243 |
| 113. | Fuchew-fu | 244 |
| 114. | Shui-kow, on the Upper Min, Fokien | 245 |
| 115. | Amoy | 246 |
| 116. | Comparative Temperature of Canton and other Towns | 251 |
| 117. | Inhabitants of Kwangtung | 252 |
| 118. | Female Coiffure, Swatow | 254 |
| 119. | Canton, Whampoa, and Honan Island | 256 |
| 120. | Hong Kong | 258 |
| 121. | Hong Kong: View taken from Kowlun | 259 |
| 122. | Macao | 260 |
| 123. | Pakhoï | 261 |
| 124. | Wei-chew | 262 |
| 125. | Upper Song-koi Valley | 265 |
| 126. | Chinese of Yunnan | 268 |
| 127. | Route between Momein and Tali-fu | 269 |
| 128. | Tali-fu and Lake Tali | 270 |
| 129. | Yunnan | 272 |
| 130. | Hainan Strait | 273 |
| 131. | Formosa and Fokien Strait | 276 |
| 132. | Highland Landscape, Formosa | 277 |
| 133. | Typhoon of the "Novara" | 279 |
| 134. | Pepo-hoan Woman and Child | 282 |
| 135. | Kelung | 283 |
| 136. | Grand Lu-chew, according to an old Chinese Map | 284 |
| 137. | Density of the Chinese Population in 1842 | 285 |
| 138. | Singan-fu | 286 |
| 139. | Irrigating Pump, South China | 287 |
| 140. | Relative Importance of the Crops in the Chinese Provinces | 288 |
| 141. | Chief Crops of China | 293 |
| 142. | Mines of Shantung | 296 |
| 143. | Mines of Yunnan | 298 |
| 144. | Portage in Chekiang | 300 |
| 145. | Chinese Treaty Ports | 302 |
| 146. | General View of Nanking | 306 |
| 147. | Routes, Telegraphs, and Lines of Steam Navigation in China | 307 |
| 148. | Signal Towers | 309 |
| 149. | Range of Chinese Migration | 310 |
| 150. | M. Yang, Attaché of the Chinese Legation in Paris | 313 |
| 151. | Chinese Quarter, Shanghai | 316 |
| 152. | Summer Palace—Bronze Lions, Emblems of the Imperial Power | 318 |
| 153. | Vagrant Convicts | 325 |
| 154. | Defences of the Mouth of the Peï-ho | 329 |
| 155. | Provincial Chief Towns, Fu and Chew, in China | 332 |
| 156. | General View of Kang-hoa, Lower Hang-kiang | 335 |
| 157. | Korea Strait | 336 |
| 158. | Explorations of Korea and surrounding Waters | 337 |
| 159. | South-west Archipelago of Korea | 338 |
| 160. | Entrance to the Gulf of Pechili | 342 |
| 161. | Island of Quelpaert | 343 |
| 162. | Han-kang, or Seul River | 352 |
| 163. | Administrative Divisions of Korea | 353 |
| 164. | Curves of the Japanese Archipelago | 357 |
| 165. | Strait of Yeso | 359 |
| 166. | The Kurile Islands | 360 |
| 167. | Paramushir Island—Kuriles | 361 |
| 168. | Section of the Sea of Okhotsk | 362 |
| 169. | Tsugar Strait, between Yeso and Hondo | 363 |
| 170. | Mouths of the Tone-gava | 365 |
| 171. | Oga-sima Island, and Ohokata-hatsiro Sea | 366 |
| 172. | Nikko—Portico of the Temple of the Four Dragons | 368 |
| 173. | Gulf of Simoda and Oho-sima | 371 |
| 174. | Lake Biva | 375 |
| 175. | Naruto Strait | 377 |
| 170. | Yama-gava and Mount Kaïmon | 378 |
| 177. | Kago-sima and Mi-take Volcano | 379 |
| 178. | Relief of Japan and Depths of the surrounding Waters | 380 |
| 179. | Geology of Japan | 382 |
| 180. | Tsu-sima | 383 |
| 181. | Isothermals of Japan | 390 |
| 182. | Japanese Landscape—View taken at Fuzisava | 391 |
| 183. | Badger: Fac-simile of Japanese Design | 394 |
| 184. | Fac-simile of a Japanese Bird Design | 395 |
| 185. | Primitive Populations of Nip-pon, according to the Japanese Annals | 400 |
| 186. | Japanese Woman | 402 |
| 187. | Japanese Girl | 403 |
| 188. | Japanese Musicians and Dealer | 404 |
| 189. | Japanese Tattooing | 405 |
| 190. | Japanese Women | 406 |
| 191. | Nikko and the Upper Tene-gava | 412 |
| 192. | Buddhist Temple at Nikko | 414 |
| 193. | Nagasaki and Unzen-san | 417 |
| 194. | Hakodate Bay | 419 |
| 195. | Hakodate | 420 |
| 196. | Nihi-gata and Sado Island | 421 |
| 197. | Kanozava and the White Mountain | 422 |
| 198. | Monster Bell in the Siba Quarter, Tokio | 425 |
| 199. | Jinriksia, Japanese Hand-cart | 427 |
| 200. | Simoda Bay | 429 |
| 201. | Nagoya and Delta of the Kiso-gava | 431 |
| 202. | Lake Biva | 434 |
| 203. | Ohosaka | 435 |
| 204. | Hiogo-kobe | 438 |
| 205. | Matsuye | 439 |
| 206. | Nafa and Siuri in the Island of Okinava | 443 |
| 207. | Bonin, or Ogasavara Archipelago | 446 |
| 208. | Mineral Deposits of Yeso | 452 |
| 209. | Scenes of Industrial Life | 455 |
| 210. | Street Scenes | 458 |
| 211. | The Gods | 460 |
| 212. | Rats as Rice Merchants | 461 |
| 213. | Ports open to Foreign Trade | 465 |
| 214. | Japanese Lines of Navigation | 466 |
| 215. | View taken on the Tokai-do Highway | 468 |
| 216. | The Pillory in Japan before the Revolution | 474 |
| 217. | Administrative Divisions of Japan | 475 |
