The formation of vegetable mould, through the action of worms/Index

by Charles Darwin

 

INDEX.

• Abinger, Roman villa at, 178
• —Abinger— — — castings from Roman villa, with rounded particles, 253
• Acids of humus, action on rocks, 240
• Africa, dust from, 235
• Air, currents of, worms sensitive to, 28
• Amount of earth brought to the surface by worms, 129
• Ants, intelligence of, 93
• Archiac, D', criticisms on my views, 4
• Artemisia, leaves of, not eaten by worms, 33
• Ash-tree, petioles of, 79

• Beaulieu Abbey, burial of the old pavement, 193
• —Beaulieu Abbey,— — — castings from, with rounded particles, 255
• Beaumont, Élie de, on vegetable mould, 2
• —Beaumont, Élie de,— — — the rubbish underlying great cities, 178
• —Beaumont, Élie de,— — — the transport of dust, 237
• —Beaumont, Élie de,— — — the permanence of mould, 289
• —Beaumont, Élie de,— — — the permanence of ancient tumuli, 290
• Beech-forests, stones not buried under by castings, 144
• Bengal, worms of, 123
• Bones, crushed, burial of, under castings, 146
• Brading, Roman villa at, 199
• —Brading,— — — castings from, with rounded particles, 254
• Bridgman, Mr., on worms eating leaves of a Phlox, 33
• Buckman, on grasses profiting by being rolled, 10
• Burial of the remains of ancient buildings by worms, 176
• Burrows, depth of, 109
• —Burrows,— — — direction of, on a slope, 270
• —Burrows,— — — excavation of, 98
• —Burrows,— — — lined with black earth, 111
• —Burrows,— — — lined with leaves, 112
• —Burrows,— — — mouths of, worms lie motionless near, 15
• —Burrows,— — — old, their collapse, 118
• —Burrows,— — — plugged up, 58
• —Burrows,— — — terminating in a small chamber, often lined with stones or seeds, 114

• Calciferous glands, 17, 43
• Cannibal worms, 36
• Carnagie, Mr., depth of burrows, 114
• Castings, acid, 52
• —Castings,— — — from Beaulieu, 101
• —Castings,— — — tower-like, near Nice, 106
• —Castings,— — — ejection of, 116
• —Castings,— — — tower-like, from near Calcutta, 123
• —Castings,— — — of great size on the Nilgiri Mountains, 126
• —Castings,— — — weight of, from a single burrow and from a given area, 160
• —Castings,— — — thickness of layer formed from, during a year, 169
• —Castings,— — — ejected over ancient buildings, 253
• —Castings,— — — flowing down slopes, 261
• —Castings,— — — washed away, 272
• —Castings,— — — dry, disintegration of, 275
• —Castings,— — — blown to leeward, 283
• Cells, free, with calcareous matter in the calciforous glands, 47
• Cellulose, digestion of, 37
• Chalk-formation, surface of, muck denuded, 137
• Chalk, residue of, forming a superficial deposit, 138
• —Chalk,— — — fragments of, soon buried and corroded, 139
• —Chalk,— — — formation of mould over, 297
• Chedworth, Roman villa of, 197
• Circular trenches near Stonehenge, 287
• Claparède, structure of the intestines of worms, 19
• —Claparède,— — — on the salivary glands of worms, 42
• —Claparède,— — — on the calciferous glands, 44
• —Claparède,— — — the pharynx adapted for suction, 56
• —Claparède,— — — doubts whether earth serves worms as food, 102, 105
• —Claparède,— — — on the gizzards of worms, 246
• Clematis, petioles of, used in plugging up burrows, 58, 77
• Cobra-snake, intelligence of, 94
• Collapsing of old burrows, 118
• Concluding remarks, 305
• Concretions of lime in the anterior calciferous glands, 45
• —Concretions— — — calcareous, use of, 54
• Corals, mud derived from, 256
• Corniche Road, disintegrated castings on, 276, 281
• Croll, Mr., on denudation, 233
• Crowns or ridges on old ploughed fields, 292
• Currents of air, worms sensitive to, 28

• Dancer, Mr., on the action and number of worms, 146, 159
• Deafness of worms, 26
• Débris, over the Roman remains at Silchester, 201
• Decay of leaves not hastened by the secretion with which they are bathed, 38
• Denudation of the land, 230
• Depth to which worms burrow, 109
• Digaster, 246
• Digestion of worms, 37
• —Digestion— — — extra-stomachal, 43
• Disintegration of rocks, aided by worms, 240
• Distribution of worms, 120
• Down, amount of earth here brought annually to the surface, 137
• Downs near Winchester, valleys in, 301
• Dust, distance transported, 235–237

• Earth, amount of, brought to the surface by worms, 129
• —Earth,— — — amount of, which flows down a given slope, 266
• —Earth,— — — swallowed as food, 100
• —Earth,— — — weight of, ejected from a single burrow, 160
• Eisen, number of species of worms, 9
• —Eisen,— — — depth of burrows, 110
• Ejection of castings, 116
• Embankments on hill-sides, 278, 282
• Encampments, ancient, 290
• Ernst, Dr., on worms at Caracas, 121
• Excavation of the burrows, 98

• Fabre, M., on the instincts of Sphex, 93
• Farrer, Mr. T. H., on the Roman villa at Abinger, 178–188
• Fat eaten by worms, 36
• Fields formerly ploughed, 292
• Fish, Mr., criticisms on my views, 6
• Flints, standing vertically in the residue over the chalk, 138
• —Flints,— — — acted on externally and internally by atmospheric agencies, 245
• Flowing down of castings, 261
• Fluid, digestive, of worms, 37
• Food of worms, leaves, 35
• —Food of worms— — —, earth, 100
• Foster, Michael, on the pancreatic ferment, 37
• —Foster, Michael,— — — on the acidity of the contents of the intestines, 52
• Foundations, deep, of the Roman buildings at Wroxeter, 227
• Furrows on old ploughed fields, 292

• Galton, Mr., on the number of dead worms, 14
• Geikie, Archibald, on Denudation, 233
• —Geikie, Archibald,— — — controverts É. de Beaumont's views on Denudation, 289
• —Geike,— — — James, controverts Richthofen's views, 237
• —Geike, James,— — — on glaciated rocks, 245
• Geographical distribution of worms, 120
• Gizzards of worms, 246
• Glands, calciferous, 17, 43
• —Glands, calciferous,— — — function of, 49
• Glen Roy, evidence of rarity of debacles, 260

• Haast, Von, on aboriginal instruments in New Zealand found buried, 147
• Hearing, sense of, 26
• Heat, perception of, 25
• Heaths, inhabited by few worms, except where paths cross them, 10
• Henson on the number of worms in gardens, 5
• —Hensen— — — on worms not subsisting on earth, 108
• —Hensen— — — depth of burrows, 110
• —Hensen— — — on number of worms living in a given area, 158
• —Hensen— — — on the composition of mould, 238
• —Hensen— — — on the amount of humus formed by two worms, 310
• Henslow, Prof., on ledges on hill-sides, 278
• Hoffmeister, number of species of worms, 9
• —Hoffmeister,— — — on worms hybernating in company, 34
• —Hoffmeister,— — — perception of light by worms, 20, 22
• —Hoffmeister,— — — on the enemies of worms, 62
• —Hoffmeister,— — — depth of burrows, 110
• —Hoffmeister,— — — on hybernation of worms, 114
• Hooker, Sir J., on ledges of earth on the Himalaya, 278
• Humus acids, action of on rocks, 240, 244

• Instinct of worms, 35
• Intelligence of worms, 35, 64
• Intestines of worms, their contents acid, 51
• Islands, inhabited by worms, 120

• Johnson, Dr. H., on the Roman remains at Wroxeter, 222–228
• —Johnson, Dr. H.,— — — on ammonia in worm-castings, 242
• Johnson, S. W., 'How Crops Feed,' 242
• Joyce, Rev. J. G., on the Roman remains at Silchester, 201
• Julien, Mr. A. A., on the composition of peat, 238
• —Julien, Mr. A. A.,— — — on the humus acids, 240, 244

• Key, Rev. H., on the burial of cinders by worms, 146
• King, Dr., on the formation of mould in forests in France, 5
• —King, Dr.,— — — on castings near Nice, 106, 117
• —King, Dr.,— — — on great castings on the Nilgiri Mountains and in Ceylon, 126
• —King, Dr.,— — — weight of castings near Nice, 163
• —King, Dr.,— — — on disintegrated castings on the Corniche road, 276, 281
• —King, Dr.,— — — on the washing away of the castings on the Nilgiri Mountains, 274
• Knole Park, beech-woods, worms absent, 12
• Koninck, De, on the disintegration of rocks, 235

• Laburnum leaves, 67
• Land, denudation of, 230
• Lankester, Ray, on the structure of worms, 18
• —Lankester, Ray,— — — on worms from Kerguelen Land, 121
• La Plata, dust storms of, 236
• Layard, Mr., on the habits of the cobra, 94
• Leaves, worms distinguish the taste of different kinds, 32
• —Leaves,— — — consumed by worms, 35
• —Leaves,— — — their decay not hastened by the alkaline secretion with which they are bathed, 38
• —Leaves,— — — decayed, generate acids, 50
• —Leaves,— — — used in plugging up burrows, 65
• —Leaves,— — — used to line burrows, 112
• Ledges of earth on hill-sides, 278
• Léon, F., on the digestive fluid of worms, 38
• Light, perception of, by worms, 20
• Lime, carbonate, concretions of, 45

• Maer Hall, amount of earth brought to surface, 130
• Mallett, Mr., on the sinking of the ground under great buildings, 158
• Meat, raw, eaten by worms, 36
• Mental qualities of worms, 34
• Mint, leaves of, only nibbled, 33
• Mississippi, drainage area of, 233
• Möbius on the habits of a pike, 94
• Moniligaster, 246
• Morren on worms surviving long immersion, 13
• —Morren— — — on worms lying motionless near mouths of their burrows, 15
• —Morren— — — on worms eating sugar, 36
• —Morren— — — on the disappearance of the calciferous glands during winter, 48
• —Morren— — — on stones in the gizzards of worms, 247, 249
• Mould, thickness of, annually ejected by worms, 169
• —Mould,— — — thickness of, over Roman remains at Chedworth, 199
• —Mould,— — — nature and thickness of, over the Roman remains at Silchester, 218
• —Mould,— — — thickness of, at Wroxeter, 223
• —Mould,— — — formation and thickness of, over the chalk, 297
• Mountains, worms absent from, 12
• Müller, Fritz, on the worms in South Brazil, 121

• Nice, castings near, 106
• —Nice,— — — disintegrated castings near, 276
• Night, worms leave their burrows, 14
• Nilgiri Mountains, castings on, 126

• Objects strewed on the surface soon buried under castings, 130
• Obliteration of old furrows on ploughed land, 292
• Odours, degree of sensitiveness to, by worms, 29

• Pancreatic secretion, 37
• —Pancreatic secretion,— — — not acid, 53
• Paper, triangles of, 82
• Path, paved, burial of, by worm-castings, 145
• Paths inhabited by worms, 10
• Pavement, modern, undermined by worms, 192
• Pavements, ancient, subsidence of, at Silchester, 212
• Peat, formation of, 239
• Percolation of earth into the chalk, 297
• Perichæta, naturalized near Nice, 106
• Perrier, worms surviving long immersion, 13
• —Perrier,— — — on the calciferous glands, 44
• —Perrier,— — — on the action of the pharynx, 56
• —Perrier,— — — on the burrowing power of worms, 99
• —Perrier,— — — on naturalized worms, 106
• —Perrier,— — — on worms killed by acetic acid, 159
• —Perrier,— — — on the gizzards of worms, 246, 249
• Petioles of Clematis, 77
• —Petioles— — — of the ash, 79
• Pharynx, action of, 56
• Pike, stupidity of, 94
• Pine-leaves used in plugging up burrows, 58, 70
• —Pine-leaves— — — lining burrows, 112
• Pipes, formation of, in the chalk, 137
• Playfair on Denudation, 290
• Ploughed fields, old, 292
• Plugging up of the burrows, 58
• —plugging— — — use of the process, 62
• Prehension, power of, by worms, 56

• Qualities, mental, of worms, 34

• Ramsay, Mr., on the sinking of a pavement undermined by worms, 192
• —Ramsey, Mr.,— — — on Denudation, 231
• Remains, ancient, buried by worms, 176
• Rhododendron leaves, 69
• Richthofen on dust deposits in China, 237
• Robinia, petioles of, 81
• Rocks, disintegration of, aided by worms, 240
• —Rocks,— — — triturated in the gizzards of worms, 249
• Rolling down of dry castings, 275
• Romanes, Mr., on the intelligence of animals, 95

• Sachs on living roots corroding rocks, 243
• Sage, leaves of, not eaten by worms, 33
• Saliva, doubtful whether any secreted by worms, 42
• Saussure, H. De, on brick-pebbles, 254
• Schmulewitsch on the digestion of cellulose, 37
• Scott, Mr. J., on worms near Calcutta, 123
• Seeds preserved in the burrows of worms, 115
• Semper on various animals swallowing sand, 103
• Senses of worms, 19
• Silchester, old Roman town, 201
• Silica, colloid, acted on by the humus acids, 242
• Sinking of the pavements at Silchester, 212
• Sites inhabited by worms, 9
• Smell, sense of, 29
• Social feelings of worms, 34
• Sorby, Mr., on the trituration of small particles of rock, 257
• Starch eaten by worms, 36
• —Starch— — — digestion of the granules in the cells of leaves, 41
• St. Catherine's Hill, near Winchester, 302
• Stones, great, undermined by worms at Leith Hill and at Stonehenge, 148
• —Stones,— — — small, heaped over burrows, 60
• —Stones,— — — small, in the gizzards of worms, 247
• —Stones,— — — rounded in the gizzards of worms, 249
• Stonehenge, great stones of, undermined by worms, 154
• —Stonehenge,— — — circular trenches near, 287
• Structure of worms, 16
• Subsidence of the pavements at Silchester, 212
• Suction, power of, 56
• Sugar eaten by worms, 36
• Summary of whole book, 305
• Surface, objects strewed on, buried under castings, 130

• Taste, power of, 32
• Thickness of the layer of mould annually ejected by worms, 169
• —Thickness— — — of the mould over the remains at Chedworth, 199
• —Thickness— — — of the mould over the remains at Silchester, 218
• —Thickness— — — of the mould over the Roman remains at Wroxeter, 223
• Thyme, leaves of, not eaten by worms, 33
• Touch, worms highly sensitive to, 28
• Triangles of paper, 82
• Trituration of particles of rock in the gizzards of worms, 249
• Tumuli, ancient, 290
• Tylor, Mr. A., on Denudation, 233
• Tylor, Mr. E., on anciently ploughed land, 293
• Typhosolis, 19

• Utricularia, bladders of, 109

• Vibrations, worms sensitive to, 27
• Vision, power of, in worms, 20

• Walls, ancient, at Abinger, penetrated by worms, 188
• —Walls, ancient,— — — penetrated by worms at Silchester, 209
• Washing away of castings, 272
• Wedgwood, Mr., on the formation of mould, 3
• Weight of earth ejected from a single burrow, 160
• Whitaker, Mr., on Denudation, 232
• White, on worms leaving their burrows at night, 14
• Winchester, chalk formation near, 301
• Wind, action of, on castings, 283
• Worms, nocturnal, 13
• —Worms,— — — large numbers occasionally die, 14
• —Worms,— — — dead eaten by other worms, 36
• —Worms,— — — contents of intestines, acid, 51
• —Worms,— — — their castings, acid, 52
• —Worms,— — — power of suction, 56
• —Worms,— — — plugging up their burrows, 58
• —Worms,— — — intelligence of, 64
• —Worms,— — — formation of their burrows, 98
• —Worms,— — — number of, living in a given area, 158
• —Worms,— — — penetrating ancient walls, 188, 209
• —Worms,— — — gizzards of, and the trituration of the contained stones, 246
• —Worms,— — — prefer to live in fine earth, 291
• Wright, Mr., on the age of Wroxeter, 221
• Wroxeter, old Roman town of, 221