Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute/Volume 12

TRANSACTIONS

AND

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE,

1879.

VOL. XII.

EDITED AND PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE INSTITUTE,

By

JAMES HECTOR, C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S.

Issued May, 1880.

WELLINGTON:
LYON AND BLAIR, PRINTERS, LAMBTON QUAY

TRUBNER & CO., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON.

PREFACE.

The Editor has to acknowledge the assistance of the following gentlemen in revising their papers for the press:—Messrs. Frankland, Kirk, T. W. Kirk, Buchanan, Knight, Skey, Kemp, and Newman.

While doing so he would call the attention of writers to the necessity for great care in preparing their manuscript for the printer. It is impossible that a volume of such varied contents can be entirely free from error, but the difficulty of deciphering manuscript adds much both to the chance of error and the expense of publication. In some cases it has been possible to print papers with any approach to correctness only by a careful study of the author's mode of forming letters, aided by reference to dictionaries and catalogues. A scientific record such as our Transactions is only of value if exact; and the Editor makes these remarks purely with the intention of averting the irritation often caused to writers by the occurrence of mistakes (arising from imperfections in the manuscript), which they are perhaps inclined to attribute to the editing branch of the Institute.

An acknowledgement is due to Mr. Buchanan for drawing the illustrations on stone, and to Mr. Gore for the meteorological record. Also to the officers of the lithographic and photo-lithographic departments, who, by the kind permission of the Colonial Secretary, have assisted in the completion of the plates.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

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PAGE
115,	line 3 from below, for Ctenopodium read Chenopodium.
159,	line 19, for native read Nature.
160,	line 4, and 163, line 9, for Kaipara-te-hau read Ka-para-te-hau.
162,	line 3, for Rongi read Rongo.
227,	line 6, for Munipari read Munipuri.
228,	in the second table, after sadikit insert kichi.
229,	line 16, for the first ayo read aya.
230,	line 5, for Khambi read Khamti.
{{{1}}}„	in the second table, under tagata insert ola (life).
{{{1}}}„	{{{1}}}„ {{{1}}}„ {{{1}}}„ {{{1}}}„ tangata insert oranga (life).
	{{{1}}}„ {{{1}}}„ {{{1}}}„ {{{1}}}„ he kanaka insert ke-ola-aua (life).
{{{1}}}„	line 17, for There is no read By conversion there is close.
{{{1}}}„	line 18, after word insert man being life.
{{{1}}}„	line 22, after Malay insert and (by conversion) of Samoan, Maori, and Hawaiian.
231,	line 19, for Takha read Yakha.
235,	last line, for 235 read 262.
236,	line 1, for 496 read 513.
240,	in the fourth column, line 14, after idup, Malay insert bula, Fijian
245,	line 24, for Ziphius read Epiodon.
272,	line 2 from below, and 273, line 1, for Declava read Declana.
281	line 15, for Asteriseus read Asteriscus.
282,	line 19, for Ophiarachna read Ophiorachna.
291,	line 7, for Aphidæ read Cicadidæ.
294,	line 3, for hairy read double.
360,	line 26, for thyssoid read thyrsoid.

CONTENTS.

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TRANSACTIONS.

I.—Miscellaneous.
			PAGES
Art.	I.	The Forest Question in New Zealand. By A. Lecoy, M.A., LL.B. Univ. Paris	3–23
	II.	Influence of Forests on Climate and Rainfall. By Frederick S. Peppercorne, C.E.	24–32
	III.	Notes on Port Nicholson and the Natives in 1839. By Major Charles Heaphy, V.C.	32–39
	IV.	On the Principle of New Zealand Weather Forecast. By Commander R. A. Edwin, R.N.	40–49
	V.	On the Ignorance of the Ancient New Zealander of the Use of Projectile Weapons. By Coleman Phillips	50–63
	VI.	On the Moa. By W. Colenso, F.L.S.	63–108
	VII.	Contributions towards a better Knowledge of the Maori Race. By W. Colenso	108–147
	VIII.	A few Remarks on a Cavern near Cook's Well, at Tolaga Bay, and on a Tree (Sapota costata) found there. By W. Colenso	147–150
	IX.	Notes on an Ancient Manufactory of Stone Implements at the Mouth of the Otokai Creek, Brighton, Otago. By Prof. Julius von Haast, Ph.D., F.R.S., Director of the Canterbury Museum	150–153
	X.	Notes on the Colour-Sense of the Maori. By James W. Stack	153–158
	XI.	Remarks on Mr. Mackenzie Cameron's Theory respecting the Kahui Tipua. By James W. Stack	159–164
	XII.	Notes on the Southern Stars and other Celestial Objects. By J. H. Pope	165–175
	XIII.	Partial Impact (Paper No. 3): On the Origin of the Visible Universe. By Prof. A. W. Bickerton, F.C.S., President of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury	175–181
	XIV.	Partial Impact (Paper No. 4): On the General Problem of Stellar Collision. By Prof. A. W. Bickerton	181–186
	XV.	On the Genesis of Worlds and Systems. By Prof. A. W. Bickerton	187–197
	XVI.	On the Birth of Nebulæ. By Prof. A. W. Bickerton	197–205
	XVII.	On the Doctrine of Mind-Stuff. By Frederick W. Frankland	205–215
	XVIII.	A Reply to Mr. Frankland's Paper on "The Doctrine of MindStuff." By C. W. Richmond, a Judge of the Supreme Court of New Zealand	215–223
	XIX.	Pronouns and other Barat Fossil Words compared with Primeval and Non-Aryan Languages of Hindostan and Borders. By J. Turnbull Thomson, F.R.G.S., F.R.S..A., etc.	223–237
	XX.	Moriori Connection. By J. Turnbull Thomson	237–240
II.—Zoology.
	XXI.	Notes on Ziphius (Epiodon) novæ-zealandiæ, von Haast—Goosebeaked Whale. By Prof. Julius von Haast, Ph.D., F.R.S., Director of the Canterbury Museum	241–246
	XXII.	On the Occurrence of the Red-capped Dotterel (Hiaticula ruficapilla) in New Zealand. By T. W. Kirk, Assistant in the Colonial Museum	246–247
	XXIII.	Remarks on some curious Specimens of New Zealand Birds. By T. W. Kirk	248–249
	XXIV.	Notes on the Nesting Habits of the Orange-wattled Crow. By W. D. Campbell, Assoc. M. Inst. C.E., F.G.S.	249–250
	XXV.	On the New Zealand Frog. By Dr. Fitzinger. Translated from the Zoology of the Voyage of the "Novara," by Prof. Hutton	250–251
	XXVI.	Notes and Observations on the Animal Economy and Habits of one of our New Zealand Lizards, supposed to be a new Species of Naultinus. By W. Colenso, F.L.S.	251–264
	XXVII.	Description of a new (?) Genus and Species of Butterfly of the Sub-family Satyrinæ. By R. W. Fereday, C.M.E.S.L.	264–266
	XXVIII.	Description of a (?) new Species of the Family Leucanidæ, and a (?) new Species of the Genus (?) Chlenias. By R. W. Fereday	267–270
	XXIX.	Note and Description of a possibly-new Species of Aplysia. By F. H. Meinertzhagen	270–271
	XXX.	On Anas gracilis, Buller. By Prof. Hutton, of the Otago University	271–272
	XXXI.	Contributions to the Entomology of New Zealand. By Prof . Hutton	272–274
	XXXII.	Contributions to the Cœlenterate Fauna of New Zealand. By Prof. Hutton	274–276
	XXXIII.	Additions to the List of New Zealand Worms. By Prof. Hutton	277–278
	XXXIV.	Descriptions of new Star-fishes from New Zealand. By Prof. A. E. Verrill. From the Trans. Connecticut Acad., 1867. Communicated by Prof. Hutton	278–283
	XXXV.	On the Habits of Prionoplus reticularis, with Diagnoses of the Larva and Pupa. By Capt. T. Broun	284–288
	XXXVI.	Description of the Larva of Pericoptus truncatus, with Observations as to Habitat. By Capt. T. Broun	288–290
	XXXVII.	Further Notes on New Zealand Coccidæ. By W. M. Maskell	291–301
	XXXVIII.	On Melicerta ringens and Plumatella repens. By A. Hamilton	301–303
	XXXIX.	List of Marine Mollusca found in the neighbourhood of Wellington. By T. W. Kirk, Assistant in the Colonial Museum	303–306
	XL.	Descriptions of new Marine Shells. By T. W. Kirk	306–307
	XLI.	Notice of the Occurrence of Vitrina milligani in New Zealand. By T. W. Kirk	307
	XLII.	Additions to the List of New Zealand Fishes. By T. W. Kirk	308–310
	XLIII.	On the Occurrence of Giant Cuttlefish on the New Zealand Coast. By T. W. Kirk	310–313
	XLIV.	Description of a new Species of Palinurus. By T. W. Kirk	313–314
	XLV.	Description of a new Species of Lizard of the Genus Naultinus. By W. L. Buller, C.M.G., Sc.D., F.R.S.	314–315
	XLVI.	Notes on Fishes in Upper Whanganui River. By Captain Mair, F.L.S.	315–316
III.—Botany.
	XLVII.	On the Botany of the Pirongia Mountain. By T. F. Cheeseman, F.L.S.	317–323
	XLVIII.	On the Occurrence of the Genus Sporadanthus in New Zealand. By T. F. Cheeseman	324–325
	XLIX.	A short Sketch of the Flora of the Province of Canterbury, with Catalogue of Species. By J. B. Armstrong	325–353
	L.	Notice of the Occurrence of Liparophyllum gunnii, Lob., in New Zealand. By D. Petrie, M.A.	354
	LI.	Notice of the Occurrence of a Species of Hemiphues in New Zealand. By D. Petrie	355–356
	LII.	Description of a new Species of Ehrharta. By D. Petrie	356–357
	LIII.	Notes on the Growth of certain Trees on Scoria Soil near Mount Eden, Auckland. By T. B. Gillies, a Judge of the Supreme Court of New Zealand	357–358
	LIV.	A Description of a few new Plants from our New Zealand Forests, with dried Specimens of the same. By W. Colenso, F.L.S.	359–367
	LV.	Contribution to the Lichenographia of New Zealand. By Charles Knight, F.L.S.	367–379
	LVI.	Notes on New Zealand Plants. By J. Buchanan, F.L.S.	380–382
	LVII.	On Grasses and Fodder Plants. By S. M. Curl, M.D.	382–393
	LVIII.	Descriptions of new Flowering Plants. By T. Kirk, F.L.S.	393–397
	LIX.	Description of a new Species of Cladophora. By T. Kirk	397
	LX.	Notice of the Occurrence of Lagenophora emphysopus and other unrecorded Plants in New Zealand. By T. Kirk	397–399
IV.—Chemistry.
	LXI.	On certain Results obtained upon some of the Argentiferous Salts which are affected by Light. By William Skey, Analyst to the Geological Survey Department	401–403
	LXII.	Further Notes upon the Movements of Camphor on Water. By William Skey	403–406
	LXIII.	On the Mode in which Oil acts as a Nucleus in Super-saturated Saline Solutions; with Notes on the Mode of Action of Solid Nuclei. By William Skey	407–411
	LXIV.	On the Cause of the Deposition of Camphor towards Light. By William Skey	411
	LXV.	On the Nature of the Precipitate formed by certain Mercuric Salts in presence of Essential Oils. By William Skey	412–414
	LXVI.	On the Decomposition of Argentic-oxide by Mercury. By William Skey	414
V.—Geology.
	LXVII.	On Wind-formed Lakes. By J. C. Crawford, F.G.S.	415–416
	LXVIII.	On Bidwill's Front Hills. By J. C. Crawford	416–418
	LXIX.	Remarks on Volcanoes and Geysers of New Zealand. By W. Collie	418–420
PROCEEDINGS.
WELLINGTON PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.
Account of Two Journeys to the Summit of Mount Ruapehu. By G. Beetham, M.H.R. (abstract)			423
Remarks on Hæmatite and Spathic Iron Ores. By Dr. Hector			424
What should be the Highest Aim of the Wellington Philosophical Society? By Dominick Brown			425
Suggestion towards a Theory accounting for the Movements of the Magnetic Needle. By the Hon. R. Hart, M.L.C.			425
Remarks on Forest Planting and Conservation, with reference to particular Localities in the Wellington District. By G. W. Williams (abstract)			428–429
Election of Governor of New Zealand Institute			431
On the Cultivation of Beet for the Manufacture of Sugar, etc. By S. M. Curl, M.D. (abstract)			431
Account of the Sydney Exhibition. By Dr. Hector			432
A few Remarks on Art Perspective. By R. T. Holmes			432
Abstract Report of Council			432
Election of Officers for 1880			432–433
Anniversary Address by the President, Dr. Newman			433–438
On Neobalæna marginata and Kogia breviceps. By Dr. Hector			438–439
On a Deposit of Chalk recently discovered near Oxford in Canterbury. By Dr. Hector			439
On Moa Feathers. By Dr. Hector			439
Further Contributions to the Ornithology of New Zealand. By W. L. Buller, C.M.G., Sc.D., F.R.S.			439
AUCKLAND INSTITUTE.
Address by the President, the Rev. Dr. Purchas			441–446
Notes on a Disease among Sheep in the Waikato District. By Major W. G. Mair			446
On the Mound-builders of North America. By J. Adams, B.A.			447
Notes on the Growth of Trees on Clay Soils. By W. Atkins			447
The possible Pacification of the World by means of a rational International Policy. By the Rev. S. Edgar			447
The Distress in England: its Causes and Remedies. By J. C. Firth			447
Note on Spiral Markings on Trenails. By the Rev. Dr. Purchas			447
Concerning Alcohol. By E. A. Mackechnie			448
Notes on the Rise and Progress of Architecture and the Fine Arts generally. By Albin Martin			448
The Distress in England: its Causes and Remedies; being a Reply to Mr. Firth's paper on the same subject. By the Rev. S. Edgar			448
Note on the American Horned Frog (Phrynosoma blainvillii). By B. S. Booth			448
On Landscape Art in the Province of Auckland. By K. Watkins			448
Remarks on Lepidosiren and other Fishes. By T. F. Cheeseman			448
Abstract of Annual Report			448–449
Election of Officers for 1880			449
PHILOSOPHICAL INSTITUTE OF CANTERBURY.
On a Universal Code of Signals. By C. W. Adams			451
On Musical Tones in the Notes of Australian Birds. By C. W. Adams			451
Notes upon the Height of Mount Cook. By C. W. Adams			452
Abstract of Annual Report			452
Election of Officers for 1880			453
Notes on Ceramic and Industrial Art Specimens. By Prof. von Haast			453
OTAGO INSTITUTE.
A Criticism of Herbert Spencer's "First Principles." By the Rev. Prof. Salmond			454
The Unseen Universe. By J. S. Webb			454
Socialism, an Appeal to First Principles. By the Rev. Dr. Roseby			454
The Diptera of New Zealand. By Professor Hutton			454
On George Elliot's Poems. By the Rev. J. Upton Davis			455
Description of a new Fish. By Professor Hutton			455–456
Election of Officers for 1880			456
Abstract of Annual Report			456
WESTLAND INSTITUTE.
Abstract of Annual Report			457
Election of Officers for 1880			457
HAWKE'S BAY PHILOSOPHICAL INSTITUTE.
Election of Officers for 1879			458
Abstract of Annual Report			458
Memoir of Allan and Richard Cunningham. By W. Colenso			459
The Myth of Kae and the Pet Whale of Tinirau. By W. Colenso			459
Election of Governor of New Zealand Institute			460
NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE.
Eleventh Annual Report of the Board of Governors			463–464
Museum			464–469
Publications			469–470
Meteorology			470
Time-ball Observatory			470–471
Laboratory			471
Library			471
Accounts of the New Zealand Institute, 1878–9			472
APPENDIX.
On the Medical Aspects of Education. By W. G. Kemp, L.R.C.P. Lond., M.R.C.S, Engl.			xxi–xliv
Meteorological Statistics of New Zealand for 1879			xlv–xlvii
Earthquakes reported in New Zealand during 1879			xlvii
Comparative Abstract for 1879, and previous years			xlviii
Notes on the Weather during 1879			xlix
Record of Papers on New Zealand Natural History, 1879–80			l
Honorary Members of the New Zealand Institute			li
Ordinary Members			li–lxiii
List of Public Institutions and Individuals to whom this Volume is presented			lxiv–lxvi
Addenda et Corrigenda			iv
Contents			v–ix
List of Plates			x
Board of Governors of the New Zealand Institute			xi
Abstract of Rules and Statutes of the New Zealand Institute			xi–xiii
List of Incorporated Societies			xiv
Officers of Incorporated Societies, and Extracts from their Rules			xiv–xvii

LIST OF PLATES.

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Plate		TO FACE PAGE
I.	Edwin.—Diagrams illustrating System of New Zealand Weather Forecast	40
II.	{{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„	48
III.	{{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„	48
IV.	Colenso.—Moa Bones	80
V.	{{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„	80
VI.	Bickerton.—Diagrams illustrative of Partial Impact	184
VII.	Maskell.—Coccidæ	300
VIII.	Haast.—Ziphius (Epiodon) novæ-zealandiæ	244
IX.	Fereday.—Butterflies	268
X.	Petrie.—Ehrharta thomsoni	356
XI.	T. W. Kirk.—Palinurus tumidus	314
XII.	Knight.—Lichens	368
XIII.	{{{1}}}„{{{1}}}„	376
XIV.	T. Kirk.—Euphrasia disperma	396