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Proceedings of the Meeting 1/2475 of the House of Representatives Tuesday, 28 June 2475 BE At Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall Meeting opened at 14 hrs
Before the Minister of Seals brought in the royal edict for opening the meeting, a Member of the People's Party read the names of the persons appointed as Representatives by the Council of the Defenders of the Realm.
Luang Praditmanutham read the names of the persons appointed as Representatives by the Council of the Military Defenders of the Realm, namely—
First-Class Grand Councillor Chaophraya Wongsanupraphat;
First-Class Grand Councillor Chaophraya Thammasakmontri;
First-Class Grand Councillor Chaophraya Phichaiyat;
Second-Class Grand Councillor Phraya Thepwithunphahunsarutabodi;
Second-Class Grand Councillor Phraya Manopakonnitithada;
Third-Class Grand Councillor Phraya Manawaratchasewi;
Third-Class Grand Councillor Phraya Siwisanwacha;
Third-Class Grand Councillor Phraya Chaiyotsombat;
Third-Class Grand Councillor Phraya Nitisatphaisan;
Third-Class Grand Councillor Phraya Monthaturat;
Major General Phraya Inthrawichit;
Major General Phraya Prasoetsongkhram;
Rear Admiral Phraya Prichachonlayut;
Third-Class Grand Councillor Phraya Prichanusat;
Rear Admiral Phraya Sorayutthaseni;
Third-Class Grand Councillor Phraya Udomphongphensawat;
Third-Class Grand Councillor Phraya Wichairatchasumon;
Phraya Wichitchonlathi, however, said: "I am ailing and unable to accept the post. I ask the meeting to select a different person then." Phraya Pramuanwichaphun made a proposal, saying: "When a person appears to be ailing and unable to accept the post, I think that as the people are greatly indebted to Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena, one of the promoters of the administrative regime change who carried it out through utmost sacrifice, the House of Representatives should also have him as one of its Members." Phraya Prichanusat and Phraya Wichairatchasumon seconded him.
Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena objected, saying: "I have never had such a desire from the outset, absolutely. I wanted to pave the way for the benefit of the twelve million people only."
Phraya Pramuanwichaphun objected to the objection of Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena, saying: "You have made a lot of contributions to the people. I beg you to make another contribution by accepting this post for the people." Phraya Wichairatchasumon seconded him.
Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena then said: "If so, for the benefit of the twelve million people, I shall accept this." The entire meeting unanimously resolved to admit him.
Luang Praditmanutham said: "All the Members have to be true to the people in various significant matters. Thus, I beg Honourable Members to all together make an affirmation first." He then administered the following affirmation and was followed by the other Members all together:
"I, (name of the affirmer), hereby affirm that I will be true to the People's Party[2] and will help maintain the six principles of the people[2] firmly.
"1.All kinds of independence of the Country, such as political independence, judicial independence, economic independence, etc, must be maintained firmly.
"2.The internal safety of the Country must be maintained in order to minimalise interpersonal violence as much as possible.
"3.The economic well-being of the people must be nurtured, in respect of which the new Government will try to generate employment for the people to the best of its ability and will draft a national economic project, without leaving the people in hunger.
"4.The people must be enabled to have equal rights.
"5.The people must be enabled to enjoy liberties and freedoms, when these are not contrary to the aforesaid four principles.
"6.The people must be given full education."
Once this was finished, Chaophraya Mahithon, Minister of Seals, brought in the edict of His Majesty the King for opening the meeting, which was read as follows:
"Today, the House of Representatives meets for the first time ever, which is considered one of important events in the history of our beloved Country. I believe that all of you will be determined to help each other in deliberating all affairs in order to further bring prosperity to the country of Siam and maintain the independence of the Thais until heaven and earth expire. I hereby wish you all, Representatives of the People, to abound with physical strength and intellectual vigour, in order that you will be able to help each other accomplish the will of mine and yours, which aims at the same end in every respect." The meeting welcomed this edict with courtesy.
The House of Representatives continued its meeting following that.
1.Transfer of powers to the House of RepresentativesPhraya Phahonphonphayuhasena made a proposal, saying: "Now that the Charter and the House of Representatives have both been established successfully, I should like to transfer the work of administering the State, which has been taken over by me, to the House from now on."
2.Selection of the President of ⟨the House of⟩ RepresentativesLuang Praditmanutham said: "Now that the Charter for Public Administration has been created and promulgated, the House of Representatives has been set up, Representatives have been assigned to positions, and this House has become the assembly which wields the supreme power of the Country and the power to meet and discuss anything, it is now the time to begin discussing initial important matters according to the Charter. However, no meeting regulation has yet been established and section 27 of the Charter permits the meeting regulations provided in the Privy Council Act to be applied for the time being, in so far as they are not contrary to the Charter. Accordingly, the present meeting will be conducted in keeping with the said regulations to the extent possible.
"At this initial stage of the meeting, section 22 of the Charter states that a person must be selected to regularly preside over our meetings. Therefore, I beg all of you to discuss and elect our President on this occasion."
3.Nai Sa-guan Tularak nominated Chaophraya Thammasakmontri for the post, citing the following reasons: "This man is of excellent knowledge and ability. He used to be a Minister of Public Instruction, which is an important position, and he is an adult, which makes him appropriate for the position of preserver of order of the meetings who would enable the meetings to proceed in a smooth manner. He therefore deserves the presidency of the meetings of the House of Representatives." Phraya Manawaratchasewi seconded him.
Phraya Nitisatphaisan nominated Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena, who resolutely rejected this post and seconded the nomination of Chaophraya Thammasakmontri.
Phraya Nitisatphaisan nominated Phraya Manopakonnitithada, who made a refusal, saying: "I wish for an opportunity to work for the people to the best of my ability. Being a mere Representative like this furnishes me with a better opportunity to contribute to the people than being the President, because the President has the duty to refrain from engaging in arguments at meetings."
The meeting eventually adopted a unanimous resolution in favour of Chaophraya Thammasakmontri without any objection. Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena then invited Chaophraya Thammasakmontri to ascend the seat of the President.
Chaophraya Thammasakmontri stated: "I am greatly obliged to all the Representatives for specifically selecting me to preside over our meetings. I accept to hold the regular post of President of the meetings of the House of Representatives from now on, and by virtue of the duties of the President, I should not allow today's meeting to be delayed any longer. As the House requires a secretary for recording its meetings and for others and I find that Luang Praditmanutham has been doing this duty since the beginning of the meeting, if all of you have no objection, I would like to ask Luang Praditmanutham to further serve as our secretary."
Phraya Siwisanwacha objected, saying: "If you would like to have Luang Praditmanutham as our regular secretary, then I have an objection for I find that Luang Praditmanutham has other work to deal with, which is more important than this. If you would have him as a temporary secretary, I have no objection." Phraya Wichairatchasumon seconded him.
4.Selection of Vice PresidentChaophraya Thammasakmontri said: "The following agenda is the one in which we have to select our Vice President. If you all find anyone deserving the post, please raise your opinion."
Phraya Nitisatphaisan nominated Luang Praditmanutham, who then withdrew himself from the candidacy and nominated Phraya Inthrawichit. Phraya Siwisanwacha, Phraya Wichairatchasumon, and Phraya Manawaratchasewi seconded him.
Chaophraya Thammasakmontri said: "We need to finish the work scheduled for today as soon as possible. So, no waste of time should be allowed. Let the meeting adopt a resolution at once."
The meeting unanimously resolved to select Phraya Inthrawichit as its Vice President without any objection. Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena then invited Phraya Inthrawichit to ascend the seat of the Vice President of the ⟨House of⟩ Representatives.
5.President of the People's CommitteeChaophraya Thammasakmontri said: "Now, we have come to the agenda in which we have to select the President of the People's Committee according to section 33 of the Charter. For this reason, I beg all of you to discuss and elect the President of the People's Committee at once."
Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena nominated Phraya Manopakonnitithada, saying: "He is of all qualifications which deserve this position." Phraya Nitisatphaisan seconded him.
Phraya Manopakonnitithada stated: "I feel greatly honoured but at the same time feel greatly worried if I have to accept this post, because it is not something to be done for fun but it is an enormous work in which one has to be responsible for the prosperity or poverty of as many as twelve million Thais. Will I be able to undertake this task? I would like to confer and converse with Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena and Luang Praditmanutham for about five minutes first, following which I will be able to give an answer."
All the Representatives granted the three an opportunity to converse and confer with each other, after which Phraya Manopakonnitithada accepted the post and the meeting adopted a unanimous resolution declaring Phraya Manopakonnitithada as President of the People's Committee.
Phraya Manopakonnitithada made an inaugural address, saying: "I am delighted and feel honoured whilst feeling considerably worried. Since the day I was born, never once have I thought of being given such a position as this. But after taking into account the interest of the twelve million people, I think I should do it and shall do my best."
6.Members of the People's CommitteeChaophraya Thammasakmontri said: "Now, we have come to the agenda in which the House needs to appoint fourteen more Members of the People's Committee from the persons selected and nominated by the President of the People's Committee." He then asked Phraya Manopakonnitithada to nominate at once whoever he had selected as Members. Phraya Manopakonnitithada selected and nominated to the House the following fourteen persons, namely—
Rear Admiral Phraya Prichachonlayut;
Third-Class Grand Councillor Phraya Siwisanwacha;
Colonel Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena;
Colonel Phraya Songsuradet;
Colonel Phraya Rit-akkhane;
First-Class Councillor Phraya Pramuanwichaphun;
Lieutenant Colonel Phra Prasatphitthayayut;
Major Luang Phibunsongkhram;
Lieutenant Commander Luang Sinthusongkhramchai;
Third-Class Councillor Luang Praditmanutham;
First-Class Vice Councillor Luang Detsahakon;
First-Class Vice Councillor Tua Laphanukrom;
First-Class Vice Councillor Prayut Phamonmontri;
Nai Naep Phahonyothin.
Chaophraya Thammasakmontri inquired of Members of the ⟨House of⟩ Representatives and requested them to vote. After this set of Members ⟨of the People's Committee⟩ obtained (illegible text) votes from Members ⟨of the House⟩, Chaophraya Thammasakmontri ruled that this number surpassed the half already, making section 23 of the Charter fulfilled immediately. The persons so selected thenceforwards became Members of the People's Committee according to section 33 of the Charter.
9.[3]Chaophraya Thammasakmontri said: "Now, we have come to the agenda in which we have to establish a Subcommittee for drafting a new and neat Charter for Public Administration Act.
Luang Praditmanutham further stated: "The present Charter for Public Administration is an interim charter because we created it at a critical time, and thus it perhaps contains certain imperfections. We should therefore get those who are knowledgeable and proficient in this matter to form a Subcommittee to review and revise it neatly."
Chaophraya Thammasakmontri said: "If so, all of you shall chose appropriate persons to form the Subcommittee, which shall then be charged with drafting a revised version of the Charter for Public Administration."
The meeting resolved to select these seven men—
Phraya Manopakonnitithada;
Phraya Thepwithun;
Phraya Manawaratchasewi;
Phraya Nitisatphaisan;
Phraya Pridanaruebet;
Luang Praditmanutham;
Luang Sinatyotharak;
to form the Subcommittee.
Meeting closed at 16:00 hrs
Recorded by
Thammasak
Luang Praditmanutham
Printed at the Printing Division, Secretariat of the House of Representatives
May all the Thais be of one mind and be united unanimously in defending and protecting this Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, so as to maintain the democratic regime and sovereign power of all the Thais throughout the land of this Realm, bringing about prosperity, glorious glory, thriving triumph, various favourable outcomes, and immense and immortal fame to the people under His authority in accordance with His great royal wish in every respect!
Section2.Thailand is administered under a democratic regime with Monarch as Head [of State].
Section3.The sovereign power belongs to all the Thais. The Monarch, who is the Head [of State], exercises such power by virtue of the provisions of this Constitution only.
Section4.No amnesty shall be granted to a person who has committed an act of overthrowing the Monarchy or Constitution.
Section5.The Thai people, irrespective of their origins or religions, are equally under the protection of this Constitution.
Section6.A provision of any law whose text is contrary or repugnant to this Constitution is inapplicable.
Section7.The person of the Monarch dwells in the position of revered worship and inviolability.
Section8.No person shall institute an accusation or litigation against the Monarch in any manner.
Section9.The Monarch is a devotee of the Buddha and is the supreme patron of religions.
Section10.The Monarch exercises the legislative power through the National Assembly.
Section11.The Monarch exercises the executive power through the Council of Ministers.
Section12.The Monarch exercises the judicial power through the courts.
Section13.The Monarch holds the position of Head of the Thai Armed Forces.
Section14.The Monarch wields the prerogative to establish titles and grant decorations.
Section15.The Monarch selects and appoints from amongst competent persons one as President of the Privy Council and not more than fourteen others as Privy Councillors, who compose the Privy Council.
The Privy Council has the duty to present to the Monarch its opinions on all the royal activities about which He seeks its counsel, and has other duties as herein prescribed.
Section16.Selection and appointment of Privy Councillors, as well as removal of Privy Councillors from their positions, shall be at the royal pleasure.
The President of the National Assembly shall countersign the appointment of the President of the Privy Council or removal of the President of the Privy Council from his position, and the President of the Privy Council shall countersign the appointment of other Privy Councillors or removal of other Privy Councillors from their positions.
Section17.No Privy Councillor shall be a Senator, Member of the House of Representatives, public official with regular position or monthly salary, state enterprise official, or member or authority of a political party, nor shall he display affiliation towards any political party.
Section18.Prior to assuming duties, a Privy Councillor must affirm allegiance to the Monarch through the following statement:
"I, (name of the affirmer), hereby affirm that I will be loyal to the Monarch, and I will perform my duties with integrity for the benefit of the Country and the people, and I will also preserve and observe the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand in every respect."
Section19.A Privy Councillor vacates his position upon death, resignation, or a royal command removing him from the position.
Section20.Appointment and removal from positions of royal private officials and aides-de-camp general shall be at the royal pleasure.
Section21.Whenever the Monarch is going to be absent from the Kingdom or to be unable to handle His royal burdens for any reason whatsoever, He shall appoint any person as His Regent with the approval of the National Assembly and the President of the National Assembly shall give a countersignature.
Section22.In the event that the Monarch has not appointed a Regent in accordance with section 21 or in the event that the Monarch is unable to appoint a Regent because He has not yet attained majority or because of any other reason, the Privy Council shall nominate any person who is appropriate for the position of Regent to the National Assembly for approval. Once approval has been given by the National Assembly, the President of the National Assembly shall announce appointing such person as Regent in the name of the Monarch.
Section23.Whilst there is no Regent according to the provisions of section 21 or section 22, the President of the Privy Council shall serve as Regent for the time being.
In the event that the Regent appointed in accordance with section 21 or section 22 is unable to perform duties, the President of the Privy Council shall act as Regent temporarily.
Whilst the President of the Privy Council is serving as Regent according to paragraph 1 or whilst the President of the Privy Council is acting as Regent according to paragraph 2, the President of the Privy Council shall not function as President of the Privy Council. In such event, the Privy Council shall select one of the Privy Councillors to act as President of the Privy Council temporarily.
Section24.Prior to assuming duties, the Regent appointed in accordance with section 21 or section 22 must make an affirmation at a meeting of the National Assembly through the following statement:
"I, (name of the affirmer), hereby affirm that I will be loyal to the Monarch, (name of the Monarch), and I will perform my duties with integrity for the benefit of the Country and the people, and I will also preserve and observe the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand in every respect."
Section25.Succession to the throne shall be in accordance with the gist of the Palace Law on Succession, 2467 Buddhist Era, and with the approval of the National Assembly. If there is no royal son, succession by a royal daughter may be approved by the National Assembly.
An amendment to the Palace Law on Succession, 2467 Buddhist Era, can be made in the same manner as an amendment to the Constitution.
Section26.In the event that the throne becomes vacant, the Privy Council shall nominate a successor according to the Palace Law on Succession, 2467 Buddhist Era, to the National Assembly for approval. Once approval has been given by the National Assembly, the President of the National Assembly shall invite the successor to ascend the throne as Monarch and the President of the National Assembly shall then announce this for public knowledge.
Whilst the successor under paragraph 1 is yet to be announced, the President of the Privy Council shall serve as Regent for the time being. However, in the event that the throne becomes vacant whilst a Regent has been appointed in accordance with section 21 or section 22 or whilst the President of the Privy Council is serving as Regent in accordance with section 23, paragraph 1, such or such Regent, as the case may be, shall continue to serve as Regent until the successor is announced.
In the event that the appointed Regent who continues to serve as Regent in accordance with paragraph 2 is unable to perform duties, the President of the Privy Council shall act as Regent temporarily.
In the event that the President of the Privy Council serves as Regent in accordance with paragraph 2 or acts as Regent temporarily in accordance with paragraph 3, the provisions of section 23, paragraph 3, shall apply.
Section27.Persons are equal under the law and enjoy equal protection of the law.
Section28.Persons have rights and freedoms, subject to the provisions of the Constitution.
Men and women have equal rights.
Restriction of rights and freedoms in a manner against the spirit of the provisions of the Constitution shall be prohibited.
Section29.Persons have political rights.
Exercise of the right to vote in elections, the right to apply for candidacies in elections, and the right to vote in referendums shall be in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.
Section30.Persons have full freedom to profess a religion, religious sect, or religious cult, and have freedom to perform rites according to their own belief when this is not adverse to the civic duties and not contrary to public peace and order or good morals.
In exercising the freedoms described in paragraph 1, persons are protected from any act done by the State to abridge or impair their due benefits because the religion, religious sect, or religious cult they profess or the rite they perform according to their belief is different from that of others.
Section31.No person shall undergo a criminal punishment, save where he has committed an act which the law in force at the time of its commission prescribes to be an offence and designates a punishment for, and the punishment to be inflicted upon him shall not be more serious than that prescribed by the law in force at the time of the commission.
Section32.In a criminal case, the alleged offender or accused person shall be presumed to be innocent.
Before a final judgment declares any person guilty of an offence, such person shall not be treated as if being an offender.
An application for bailing out an alleged offender or accused person in a criminal case must be considered and no excessive bail shall be exacted. Denial of the application must be based upon a reason according the criteria prescribed specifically by the law and the alleged offender or accused person must be notified of the reason for the denial.
The right to lodge an appeal against the denial is protected according to the provisions of law.
A person detained or imprisoned has the right to be visited as appropriate.
Section33.Persons have the freedom of the person.
No person shall be arrested, detained, or searched in any event whatsoever, save by virtue of the power under a provision of law. However, the arrested or searched person must be notified of the charges or reasons and details of his arrest or search as appropriate and the detainee has the right to meet and consult an attorney-at-law privately.
In notifying any person of a charge, there must be appropriate evidence showing that he is likely to have committed the offence charged.
In the event that a person is detained, the detainee himself, a public prosecutor, or any other person in the interest of the detainee has the right to lodge with a local court which has the power to try and adjudicate upon criminal cases a motion stating that the detention is unlawful. Upon such a motion, the court shall conduct an ex parte hearing promptly. If finding that the motion is well-grounded, the court has the power to order the detainer to bring the detainee before it immediately, and if the detainer is unable to satisfy the court with the lawfulness of the detention, the court shall order immediate release of the detainee.
Section34.In a criminal case, the alleged offender or accused person has the right to expeditious and fair inquiry or trial.
In the event that the alleged offender or accused person is indigent and cannot afford an attorney-at-law for himself, he has the right to receive aid from the State as prescribed by the law.
Section35.A person has the right to refuse to give a statement adverse to himself and likely to subject him to a criminal prosecution.
A statement given by a person as a result of having been tortured, threatened, or forced, or of having been subjected to any act which caused the statement to be given involuntarily, cannot be admitted as evidence.
Section36.If, after any person has been inflicted with a criminal punishment by a final judgment, it appears from a court's judgment reopening his case for a new trial that he was not guilty, he has the right to be compensated and given back all the rights he lost as a result of the said judgment. This shall be in accordance with the conditions and procedure prescribed by the law.
Section37.No forced labour shall be exacted, save by virtue of the power under a provision of law and only for the purpose of averting a public disaster that arises urgently, or by virtue of the power under a provision of law which permits it during the time the Country is in a state of fighting or war or during the time a state of emergency is announced or martial law is promulgated.
Section38.Persons have freedom in their dwellings.
Persons enjoy protection for peacefully residing in and occupying their own dwellings. Entry into a dwelling without consent of its occupant, or search of a dwelling, shall not be made, save by virtue of the power under a provision of law.
Section39.The right of a person to property is protected. The bounds and restriction of this right shall be as prescribed by the law.
Succession to estate is protected. The rights of a person to succeed to estate shall be as prescribed by the law.
No immovable property shall be expropriated, save by virtue of the power under a provision of law and only for an activity of public utility, or for a necessary activity of defending the Country or acquiring a natural resource, or for town planning, or for development of agriculture or industry, or for land reform, or for other public benefit, in respect of which indemnity must, within due time, be provided to the owners and right holders who suffer damage from the expropriation. This shall be as specified by the law.
In designating the indemnity under paragraph 3, regard shall be had to the acquisition, condition, and location of the immovable property, in addition to the reasons and objectives of the expropriation, so as to bring about fairness to the society.
Section40.Persons have the freedom of speech, writing, printing, and publication.
This freedom shall not be restricted, save by virtue of the power under a provision of law and only for maintaining the security of the State, or for protecting rights, freedoms, dignity, or reputation of another person, or for maintaining public peace and order or good morals, or for preventing or suppressing moral or public health deterioration.
No printing house shall be closed nor printing shall be prohibited for curtailing the freedom under this section, save where a final judgment orders closure of a printing house or prohibition of printing.
No article or message in a newspaper shall be required to be submitted to an authority for censorship prior to publication, save during the time the Country is in a state of fighting or war or during the time a state of emergency is announced or martial law is promulgated. However, this must be done by virtue of the power under the provision of law enacted in accordance with the stipulations of paragraph 2.
Owners of newspaper businesses must be Thai nationals, subject to the conditions prescribed by the law.
Provision by the State, or a public agency, or a state or state enterprise agency of money or other property to support a private newspaper business shall be prohibited.
Section41.Persons have the equal right to receive the fundamental education under the law on compulsory education.
Persons have the freedom of education when it is not contrary to their civic duties under the Constitution and not contrary to the law on compulsory education and the law on establishment of educational institutions.
Section42.The academic freedom is protected but it must not be contrary to civic duties.
Section43.Persons have the freedom to assemble peacefully and without weapons.
This freedom shall not be restricted, save by virtue of the power under a provision of law and only in cases of public assemblies and for the purpose of protecting public convenience in using public places or for maintaining peace and order during the time the Country is in a state of fighting or war or during the time a state of emergency is announced or martial law is promulgated.
Section44.Persons have the freedom to form associations, unions, confederacies, cooperatives, or other bodies.
This freedom shall not be restricted, save by virtue of the power under a provision of law and only for protecting common benefits of the public, or for maintaining public peace and order or good morals, or for preventing economic monopolisation or oligopolisation.
Section45.Persons have the freedom to form political parties to carry out political affairs in line with the way of the administration under the democratic regime prescribed by this Constitution.
Establishment and operation of political parties shall be as prescribed by the provisions of the law on political parties.
Political parties must publicly disclose their sources of income and their expenditure.
Section46.Persons have the freedom to communicate with each other by means of postal services or by other lawful means.
No letter, telegram, telephone, or other communication between persons shall be censored, detained, or disclosed, nor other act shall be done to obtain knowledge about the contents of all communications between persons, save by virtue of the power under a provision of law and only for maintaining public peace and order or good morals or for maintaining the security of the State.
Persons have the equal right to use communications provided as public service.
Section47.Persons have the freedom to travel and the freedom to choose their abodes within the Kingdom.
These freedoms shall not be restricted, save by virtue of the power under a provision of law and only for the security of the State, or public peace and order, or public welfare, or town planning, or youth welfare.
No Thai national shall be deported out of the Kingdom.
Section48.Persons have the freedom to carry out occupation.
This freedom shall not be restricted, save by virtue of the power under a provision of law and only for the security of the State or economy of the Nation or for public peace and order or good morals, or public welfare, or town planning.
Section49.Rights of family members are protected.
Section50.Persons have the right to individually or collectively submit petitions, subject to the conditions and procedure prescribed by the law.
Section51.The right of a person to sue a public agency with juristic personality to have it held liable for an act of its official is protected.
Section52.Persons who are members of the military, members of the police, public officials, or local officials have the rights and freedoms under the Constitution in the same manner as private citizens, save those restricted by the laws, statutes, or regulations issued by the virtue of the powers under the provisions of law in relation to politics, capability, or discipline only.
Section53.No person shall exercise the rights and freedoms under the Constitution in a manner adverse to the Nation, Religions, Monarch, and Constitution.
Section54.Persons have the duty to maintain the Nation, Religions, Monarch, and administration under the democratic regime according to this Constitution.
Section55.Persons have the duty to defend the country.
Section56.Persons have the duty to undertake military service as prescribed by the law.
Section57.Persons have the duty to observe the law.
Section58.In exercising the right to vote in elections and the right to vote in referendums, persons have the duty to act in good faith.
Section59.Persons have the duty to pay taxes and duties as prescribed by the law.
Section60.Persons have the duty to assist in public services as prescribed by the law.
Section61.Persons have the duty to receive education, subject to the conditions and procedure prescribed by the law.
Section62.The provisions of this Chapter are intended to serve as guidelines for enactment of laws and formation of policy and create no right to sue the State.
Section63.The State should maintain the independence and integrity of its territory.
Section64.The State should promote relationships with all countries and uphold the principle of equal treatment.
Section65.The State should cooperate with all countries in maintaining international justice and sustaining the peace of the world.
Section66.The State should organise the system of public services and other work of the State in an efficient manner and should make every effort to prevent and suppress undue exploitation thereof.
Section67.The State should organise the judicial process in a manner that brings about justice to the public and guarantees the principle of judicial independence.
Section68.The military forces should be maintained as appropriate for the necessity of the maintenance of national independence, security, and interests.
Section69.The military forces belong to the Nation. They are not subject to any private person or body of persons.
Section70.The military forces should be used for fighting or war, for protecting the monarchy, for suppressing insurrections and riots, for maintaining the security of the State, and for national development.
The use of the military forces for other purposes shall be in accordance with the provisions of law.
Section71.The State should maintain the law and order in order to allow the people to enjoy safety in their lives, bodies, and property and to live peacefully.
Section72.The State should promote and nourish education.
It is the specific duty of the State to organise the education system. All educational institutions are under the supervision of the State.
In the higher level of education, the State should enable educational institutions to operate their own affairs within the bounds prescribed by the law.
Educational institutions of the State and local governments should treat persons with equality in admitting them into education on the basis of their abilities.
Section73.In educational institutions of the State and local governments, the compulsory education must be provided free of tuition fees.
The State should aid indigent persons by furnishing them with funds and means for every level of education as appropriate.
Section74.The State should promote research on arts and sciences, should promote statistics, and should apply science and technology to the development of the Country.
Section75.The State should promote and maintain the culture of the Nation. But this must not be carried out through a means which is against the will of a person.
Section76.The State should nourish and maintain places and objects of historical, cultural, and artistic value.
Section77.The State should nourish and maintain the balance of environment and natural beauty as well as the forests, sources of rivers and streams, and waters.
Section78.The State should promote quests for natural resources for use in the economic interest of the Thai people, without infringing the principles of conservationism.
Section218.The Constitutional Tribunal is composed of nine Constitutional Justices selected from amongst competent persons by the National Assembly, the Council of Ministers, and the Judicial Commission under section 210, three per each organisation.
The Judicial Commission shall be the first to select Constitutional Justices and shall notify the National Assembly and Council of Ministers of the selection results. After the National Assembly has carried out its selection, it shall notify the Council of Ministers of the selection results. After the Council of Ministers has carried out its selection, the Prime Minister shall submit the names of all the selectees to the Monarch for appointing them as Constitutional Justices. However, this shall be finished within sixty days from the day the Members of the House of Representatives are elected.
The Constitutional Tribunal shall select a Constitutional Justice to serve as its President.
In the event that the President is absent or unable to perform duties, the Constitutional Justices shall elect one amongst themselves to serve as the president of the meeting in question.
Section219.No Constitutional Justice shall be a Senator, Member of the House of Representatives, government official with regular office or monthly salary, state enterprise official, or local official.
Section220.The Constitutional Justices will be given official allowances and other fringe benefits according to the provisions of law.
Section221.No person shall hold an office of Constitutional Justice for two consecutive times.
Section222.A Constitutional Justice retires from his office upon—
(1)the opening of the first session of the National Assembly after a general election;
(2)death;
(3)resignation;
(4)becoming a Senator, Member of the House of Representatives, government official with regular office or monthly salaries, state enterprise official, or local official;
(5)being adjudged to imprisonment.
Section223.When a position of Constitutional Justice becomes vacant, the National Assembly, Council of Ministers, or Judicial Commission which selected the retired Constitutional Justice, as the case may be, shall select a Constitutional Justice to fill the vacancy.
Section224.Once any bill has been approved by the National Assembly, before the Prime Minister presents the bill to the Monarch for His signature according to section 89—
(1)if Members of both or either of the Senate and House of Representatives numbering not less than one fifth of the total number of both chambers find that the bill according to paragraph 1 contains a passage which is contrary or repugnant to the Constitution, they shall submit their opinion to the President of the National Assembly, President of the Senate, or President of the House of Representatives, as the case may be, and the President of the chamber to whom the said opinion is submitted shall send the opinion to the Constitutional Tribunal for its consideration and ruling and shall notify the Prime Minister for his knowledge;
(2)if the Prime Minister finds that the bill according to paragraph 1 contains a passage which is contrary or repugnant to the Constitution, he shall send such opinion to the Constitutional Tribunal for its consideration and ruling and shall notify the President of the National Assembly, President of the Senate, or President of the House of Representatives for his knowledge.
Whilst the Constitutional Tribunal is considering and ruling upon the bill according to paragraph 1, the Prime Minister shall terminate the process of its promulgation until the Constitutional Tribunal gives a ruling. If the Constitutional Tribunal rules that the bill contains a passage which is contrary or repugnant to the Constitution, the Prime Minister shall then send the bill back to the National Assembly.
Section225.When a court is to apply a provision of law to any case, if the court finds that the provision of law falls under the provisions of section 6 and there is no ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal regarding such provision yet, the court shall defer the trial and adjudication of the case temporarily and send such opinion through official channel in order that the Constitutional Tribunal would consider and rule upon it.
Rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal shall be applicable to all cases, without prejudice to court judgments which have already become final.
Section226.Rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal shall be deemed decisive and shall be published in the Royal Gazette.
Section227.The procedure of the Constitutional Tribunal shall be set out in a law.
Section228.The Constitution shall only be amended in accordance with the following criteria and procedure:
(1)a motion for amendment must be from the Council of Ministers or from Members of the House of Representatives numbering not less than one fifth of the total number of the Members of the House of Representatives;
(2)the motion for amendment must be submitted in the form of draft constitutional amendment and shall be considered by the National Assembly in three readings;
(3)at the first reading, the stage of acceptance of principles, the voting shall be conducted by means of roll call and the amendment must be voted in favour by not less than one half of the total number of the Members of both chambers;
(4)in voting during the second reading, the stage of section-by-section consideration, a majority of votes shall govern;
(5)after the second reading is over, a fifteen-day pause shall be taken, upon expiry of which the National Assembly shall proceed to conduct the third reading;
(6)
(7)
Section229.Page:ประมวล รธน - ๒๕๕๗ (๑).pdf/445Section231.In a referendum organised for the people to vote in accordance with section 229, a majority of votes shall govern. If the public resolution is in favour of the draft constitution, the Monarch would then sign it within thirty days from the day of announcement of the referendum results, and such constitution shall come into force upon its publication in the Royal Gazette. If the public resolution is not in favour of the draft constitution, the draft constitution shall lapse.
Section232.In the initial period, the Senators under the provisions of this Constitution will be appointed by the Monarch on the day of the election of Members of the House of Representatives under section 233.
Section233.An election of Members of the House of Representatives under the provisions of this Constitution shall be held and finished within one hundred and twenty days from the day of coming into force of this Constitution.
Section234.From the day of coming into force of this Constitution to the day of the election of Members of the House of Representatives under section 233, the National Legislative Assembly under the Charter for Administration of the Kingdom, 2515 Buddhist Era, shall act as the National Assembly under the provisions of this Constitution, and the provisions of section 102 and section 103 shall not be applied to the holding of positions of Members of the National Legislative Assembly according to this section.
Section235.The Council of Ministers handling the government affairs of the State on the day of coming into force of this Constitution, or a Council of Ministers established before the election of Members of the House of Representatives under section 233, if any, shall become the Council of Ministers that handle the government affairs of the State under the provisions of this Constitution, and the provisions of section 179 and section 180 shall not be applied to the holding of ministerial positions according this section.
Upon the election of Members of the House of Representatives, the Council of Ministers under paragraph 1 shall retire from office but it must remain in office to continue working until a new Council of Ministers is established.
Section236.As long as no provision of law has been amended or no new law has been enacted to enable men and women to have equal rights, but not over two years from the day of coming into force of this Constitution, the provisions of paragraph 2 of section 28 shall not be applied.
Section237.As long as no provision of law has been amended or no new law has been enacted to enable the local administration to proceed in line with the provisions of section 214, section 216, and section 217, but not be over two years from the day of coming into force of this Constitution, the provisions of the said three sections shall not be applied.
Section238.All the orders given by the Prime Minister by virtue of the power under section 17 of the Charter for Administration of the Kingdom, 2515 Buddhist Era, which are still in force on the day of coming into force of this Constitution, shall continue to be in force. Their repeal or modification shall be effected by acts.
Countersignatory: Momratchawong Kukrit Pramoj President of the National Legislative Assembly
Preface to the Royal Chronicle: Luang Prasoet Version
Phra Pariyattithammathada (Phae Parian),[4] whilst still being Luang Prasoet-aksonnit,[5] discovered the manuscript containing this royal chronicle at the house of a private citizen. He then asked for it and gave it to the Wachirayan Royal Library on 19 June 2450 BE.[6] Finding it being a royal chronicle distinguished from the other existing versions, the Board of the Royal Library named it the Royal Chronicle: Luang Prasoet Version to honour the person who discovered it and brought it to the Royal Library.
The present royal chronicle contains a preamble declaring that it is a royal document composed by virtue of a decree given by King Narai the Great on Wednesday, the 12th waxing-moon day of the 5th month of the Year of the Monkey, Year 2, 1042 LE.[7] Its contents start in 686 LE when the Buddha statue Lord Phanan Choeng was built. It is not known at which point of time the contents should end because the manuscript obtained by the Royal Library only consists of a single volume which stops short at the Year of the Dragon, Year 6, 866 LE, during the reign of King Naresuan, when an army was being prepared for launching an attack upon the town of Angwa. My speculation is that there might be one more volume, being the second volume, of which the contents would end in the reign of King Prasatthong at most.
The manuscript obtained was written in gamboge ink on a blackened book with the Old Kingdom[8] penmanship. There are traces of rain drops which damped and blurred the writing in many places, but the remaining strokes make most of the indistinct parts legible still. The Board of the Royal Library had the Royal Chronicle: Luang Prasoet Version printed for the first time in 126 RE,[9] the year it was obtained. Later in this Year of the Ox, Year 5, 2456 BE,[10] the Royal Library obtained a manuscript containing the same royal chronicle as the Luang Prasoet version, being a two-volume royal document of the King of Thon Buri written on Thai folding books in the Year of the Horse, Year 5, 2317 BE.[11] This caused delight to me as I was expecting to get the complete contents of this royal chronicle. But when the two versions were compared together, it appeared that the royal document of the King of Thon Buri is a copy of this Luang Prasoet manuscript itself because in the end it stops short with the very same words as the Luang Prasoet version. So it became known that this Royal Chronicle: Luang Prasoet Version had been like this since the time of Thon Buri, ruining my hope to find further contents of its. Yet, the obtained manuscript of the King of Thon Buri affords one benefit: it offers in full the parts which, in the Luang Prasoet-aksonnit manuscript, have become indistinct.
Although the information stated in the Royal Chronicle: Luang Prasoet Version is in an abridged style, the chronicle contains a great many accounts not found in the other royal chronicles and, importantly, the dates and times in it are accurate and its chronology is more reliable than the other royal chronicles. Thus the Royal Chronicle: Luang Prasoet Version serves as one of the main sources for verifying royal chronicles.
Royal Chronicle of the Old Kingdom: Luang Prasoet Version
Let good happen! On Wednesday, the twelfth waxing-moon day of the fifth month of the year 1042, the Year of the Monkey Sign (2223 BE),[7][His Majesty,][13]being above all heads and pates, was pleased to declare a decree that the records of events written by court astromancers[14]since days of yore and the records of events found in the Hall of Document be taken out, and the events contained in those royal histories be copied into one and the same volume, arranged by year up to this time.
In the year 686 Lesser Era, the Year of the Rat (1867 BE),[15] the building of the buddha Lord Phanaeng Choeng[16] was commenced.
In the year 712, the Year of the Tiger (1893 BE), on Friday, the sixth waxing-moon day of the fifth month, at the time of three nalika and nine bat after the dayspring,[17] the building of the kingdom, the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya, was commenced.
In the year 731, the Year of the Rooster (1912 BE),[18] the erection of Phra Ram Temple was commenced. On that occasion, His Divine Highness Ramathibodi the Lord passed into nirvana.[19] So His royal son, His Divine Highness Ramesuan the Lord, assumed kingship. Once it reached the year 712, the Year of the Dog (1913 BE),[20] His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord came in from Suphan Buri Town and ascended to kingship over the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya, and He then had His Divine Highness Ramesuan the Lord go to assume kingship of Lop Buri Town.
In the year 733, the Year of the Pig (1914 BE),[21] His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord went to take northern towns and conquered all the northern towns.
In the year 734, the Year of the Rat (1915 BE),[22] [His Divine Highness] went to take Nakhon Phangkha Town and Saengchrao[23] Town. [He] conquered the towns.
In the year 735, the Year of the Ox (1916 BE),[24] [His Divine Highness] went unto Chakangrao Town, and Phaya Saikaeo, together with Phaya Khamhaeng, lord of Chakangrao Town, came out to fight and strive against him. He smote Phaya Saikaeo unto death, whilst Phaya Khamhaeng and all his men successfully fled into the town. Then the royal host returned home.
In the year 736, the Year of the Ox (1917 BE),[25] His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord, together with the high priest[26] Thammakanlayan, commenced the building of Phra Si Rattana Maha That[27] [in] the eastern sector. Facing the Gable With Rows of Lions,[28] it stood one sen and three wa tall.
In the year 737, the Year of the Rabbit (1918 BE),[29] [His Divine Highness] went to take Phitsanulok Town and, on that occasion, captured the person of Khun Samkaeo, lord of the town, as well as a great number of migrant households.
In the year 738, the Year of the Dragon (1919 BE),[30] [His Divine Highness] went to take Chakangrao Town. On that occasion, Phaya Khamhaeng and Thao Phakhong bethought themselves that they should halt the royal host; and being unlikely to succeed, Thao Phakhong then recalled his troops and took flight; and [His Divine Highness] then proceeded to march [His] royal host after them; and Thao Phakhong was put to rout; and, on that occasion, captured were many of the royalty and nobility, both senior and junior. Then the royal host returned.
In the year 740, the Year of the Horse (1921 BE),[31] [His Divine Highness] went to take Chakangrao Town. On that occasion, Mahathammaracha came out to fight the royal host with all his might; and finding it impossible to strive against the royal host, Mahathammaracha then came out to offer homage.
In the year 748, the Year of the Tiger (1929 BE),[32] [His Divine Highness] went to take Chiang Mai Town, and He ordered [his soldiers] to approach and seize Nakhon Lamphang Town to no avail. He then devised a missive and sent it in to Muen Nakhon, lord of Nakhon Lamphang Town. That lord of Nakhon Lamphang Town thus came out to offer homage. Then the royal host returned.
'Twas the year 750, the Year of the Dragon (1931 BE),[33] when [His Divine Highness] went to take Chakangrao Town. On that occasion, His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord fell heavily ill and set back. As He reached the middle of His route, His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord entered nirvana,[19] and His child, Chao Thonglan, was able to assume kingship of the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya for seven days, whereupon His Divine Highness Ramesuan marched His men in from Lop Buri Town and ascended to kingship over the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya, and He then had Chao Thonglan put to death.
In the year 757, the Year of the Pig (1938 BE),[34] His Divine Highness Ramesuan the Lord entered nirvana.[19] So His royal son, Chaophaya Ram, assumed kingship.
In the year 771, the Year of the Ox (1952 BE),[35] His Highness Phaya Ram the Lord kindled His ire against Lord Commander[36] and He ordered arrest of Lord Commander. Lord Commander made good his escape and crossed over to take up quarters on the side of Patha Khu Cham.[37] Then Lord Commander sent to invite His Divine Highness Intharacha the Lord to come from Suphan Buri Town, telling Him that he would march men in to take the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya as His present. And as His Divine Highness Intharacha arrived truly, Lord Commander marched his men in to seize the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya successfully. So His Divine Highness Intharacha the Lord was invited to ascend to kingship, and He then sent His Highness Phaya Ram the Lord to administer[38] the town of Patha Khu Cham.
In the year 781, the Year of the Pig (1962 BE),[39] there came tidings that His Divinity Mahathammarachathirat the Lord had entered nirvana[19] and all the northern towns fell into tumult, and so [His Divine Highness] fared north unto Phra Bang Town. On that occasion. Phaya Banmueang and Phaya Ram came out to offer homage.
In the year 786, the Year of the Dragon (1967 BE),[40] His Divine Highness Intharacha the Lord fell ill and entered nirvana.[19] On that occasion, His royal sons, Chao Ai Phaya and Chao Yi Phaya, fought each other on elephants at Pa Than Bridge.[41] Both of them passed into the Abode of the Brave[42] there. Thus a royal son, Chao Sam Phaya, was enabled to assume kingship over the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya under the name of His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord, and He then had two pagodas erected to cover the very spot at the Pa Than Bridge district where Chaophaya Ai and Chaophaya Yi fought each other to death on elephants. In that year, He built Ratchabun Temple.
In the year 793, the Year of the Pig (1974 BE),[43] His Divine Highness Borommaracha the Lord went to take the town of Nakhon Luang,[44] which He conquered, and He then permitted His royal child, His Divinity Nakhon-in the Lord, to assume kingship at that town of Nakhon Luang. On that occasion, He then had Phaya Kaeo Phaya Thai[45] and all images[46] taken to the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya.
In the year 800, the Year of the Horse (1981 BE),[47] [at that] time, His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord erected Maheyong Temple [to mark His] assumption of kingship, and His Divine Highness Ramesuan the Lord, who was His royal child, went unto Phitsanulok Town. On that occasion, the buddha Phra Chinnarat[48] was seen shedding tears of blood.
In the year 802, the Year of the Monkey (1983 BE),[49] on that occasion, a fire broke out and devoured the royal residence.
In the year 803, the Year of the Rooster (1984 BE),[50] on that occasion, a fire broke out and devoured the Hall of Tri Muk.[51]
In the year 804, the Year of the Dog (1985 BE),[52] His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord went to take Chiang Mai Town; and He failed to approach and seize the town, for with an illness He came down; and His royal host returned.
In the year 806, the Year of the Rat (1987 BE),[53] [His Divine Highness] went to suppress factions,[54] and He set His royal host in the district of Pathai Khasem.[55] On that occasion, having taken twelve myriad captives, the royal host returned.
In the year 810, the Year of the Dragon (1991 BE),[56] His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord entered nirvana.[19] So His royal child, His Divine Highness Ramesuan the Lord, assumed kingship under the name of His Divine Highness Borommatrailok the Lord.
In the year 813, the Year of the Goat (1994 BE),[57] on that occasion, the high king[58] came to take Chakangrao Town. Having conquered it, he came to take Sukhothai Town. Failing to approach and seize the town, he retired his host and returned.
In the year 816, the Year of the Dog (1997 BE),[59] on that occasion, the evil bane[60] befell all the people that so many died.
In the year 817, the Year of the Pig (1998 BE),[61] a host was commissioned to go and take Malaka Town.
In the year 818, the Year of the Rat (1999 BE),[62] a host was commissioned to go and take Li Sop Thin Town. On that occasion, [His Divine Highness] went to reinforce the host, faring north to set His royal host in Khon District.
In the year 819, the Year of the Ox (2000 BE),[63] on that occasion, rice was dear, being eight hundred bia per thanan. When reckoned at the rate of one bia equal to eight hundred fueang, a cartload cost three chang and ten bat.
In the year 820, the Year of the Tiger (2001 BE),[64] on that occasion, it was decreed that the religion be perfectly perfected[65] and images of five hundred lives[66] of bodhisattvas be cast.
In the year 822, the Year of the Dragon (2003 BE),[67] great entertainments[68] were performed to celebrate the idols[69] and royal gifts were granted unto all monks, and brahmans, and mendicants. On that occasion, the ruler of Saliang[70] plotted treason. He brought all the households unto the high king[58] as his vassals.
In the year 823, the Year of the Snake (2004 BE),[71] the ruler of Saliang led the high king[58] in, intending to take Phitsanulok Town. Having approached to seize the town with all their might, they could not conquer the town. And they then marched their host aside to take Kamphaeng Phet Town. And having approached to seize the town for all of seven days, they could not conquer the town. Then the high king retired his host and returned unto Chiang Mai.
In the year 824, the Year of the Horse (2005 BE),[72] Nakhon Thai Town took migrant households away unto Nan Town, and Phra Kalahom[73] was sent after them and gat them back. Then Phra Kalahom marched his men to take Sukhothai Town and gat the town back as afore.
In the year 825, the Year of the Goat (2006 BE),[74] His Divine Highness Borommatrailok the Lord went to assume kingship of Phitsanulok Town and directed a lord of land to assume kingship of the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya under the name of His Highness Borommaracha. On that occasion, the high king[58] Thao Luk marched his men in to take Sukhothai Town. So His Divine Highness Borommatrailok the Lord and His Divine Highness Intharacha the Lord fared forth to defend the town. And His Divine Highness Borommaracha[75] the Lord rent asunder the host of Phaya Thian, and His host came into confrontation with the host of Muen Nakhon, and He did engage in a fight on elephants with Muen Nakhon, and a great chaos occurred on that occasion, and four Lao[76] foes on elephants approached and beset His sole royal elephant mount. In that event, His Divine Highness Intharacha the Lord was hit in the face with a shot[77] and the host of that high king retired and returned home.
In the year 826, the Year of the Monkey (2007 BE),[78] His Divine Highness Borommatrailok the Lord erected an image hall[79] [at] Chulamani Temple.
In the year 827, the Year of the Rooster (2009 BE),[80] His Divine Highness Borommatrailok the Lord entered the priesthood at Chulamani Temple for eight months, whereupon He left the priesthood.
In the year 830, the Year of the Rat (2011 BE),[81] on that occasion, the high king, Thao Bun, usurped Chiang Mai Town from Thao Luk.[82]
In the year 833, the Year of the Rabbit (2014 BE),[83] a white elephant was obtained.
In the year 834, the Year of the Dragon (2015 BE),[84] His royal son was born.
In the year 835, the Year of the Serpent (2016 BE),[85] Muen Nakhon had gold peeled off from idols[86] to gild [his] sword.
In the year 836, the Year of the Horse (2017 BE),[87] [His Divine Highness] went to take Chaliang Town.
In the year 837, the Year of the Goat (2018 BE),[88] the high king[58] asked to come and establish amity.
In the year 839, the Year of the Rooster (2020 BE),[89] the founding of Nakhon Thai Town was commenced.
In the year 841, the Year of the Pig (2022 BE),[90] Phra Siharatdecho met his fate.
In the year 842, the Year of the Rat (2023 BE),[91] the ruler of Lan Chang met his fate and [His Divine Highness] permitted the ruler of Sai Khao to be anointed as the ruler of Lan Chang in his place.
In the year 844, the Year of the Tiger (2025 BE),[92] He had great entertainments[68] performed for fifteen days to celebrate Phra Si Rattana Maha That[27] and then perfectly finished composing Mahachat Khamluang.[93]
In the year 845, the Year of the Hare (2026 BE),[94] His Divine Highness Borommaracha the Lord went to corral elephants[95] in Sai Yoi District.
In the year 846, the Year of the Dragon (2027 BE),[96] His Divine Highness Chetthathirat the Lord and His Divine Highness the Royal Son, His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord, both entered the priesthood.
In the year 847, the Year of the Serpent (2028 BE),[97] His royal son left the priesthood and that Divine Being was instituted in the position of high viceroy.[98]
In the year 848, the Year of the Horse (2029 BE),[99] His Divine Highness went to corral elephants[95] in Samrit Burana District.
In the year 849, the Year of the Goat (2030 BE),[100] Thao Maharat Luk[101] passed into the Abode of the Brave.[42]
In the year 850, the Year of the Monkey (2031 BE),[102] His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord went to take Thawai Town, and when the town was about to be taken, ill omens took place in various forms: a cow dropped a calf with eight legs; a hen hatched a four-legged chick out of an egg; a hen hatched six chicks out of three eggs; in addition, white rice[103] grew into leaves. Furthermore, in that same year, His Divine Highness Borommatrailok passed into nirvana[19] in Phitsanulok Town.
In the year 852, the Year of the Dog (2033 BE),[104] inauguration of the erection of the walls of Phichai Town was ordered.
In the year 853, the Year of the Pig (2034 BE),[105] His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord entered nirvana.[19] Thus His Divine Highness Chetthathirat the Lord assumed kingship of the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya under the name of His Divine Highness Ramathibodi.
In the year 854, the Year of the Rat (2035 BE),[106] grand stupas were instituted for the relics of His Divine Highness Borommatrailok and His Divine Highness Borommarachathirat the Lord.
In the year 858, the Year of the Dragon (2039 BE),[107] He conducted the rite of Twenty-Five[108] for Himself and had the Ocean Churning rite[109] performed.
In the year 859, the Year of the Serpent (2040 BE),[110] He had the rite of Primary Action[111] held.
In the year 861, the Year of the Goat (2042 BE),[112] inaugurated was the building of an image hall[79] [at] Si Sanphet Temple.
In the year 862, the Year of the Ape (2043 BE),[113] His Divine Highness Ramathibodi the Lord ordered inauguration of the casting of the buddha Phra Si Sanphet and the casting was inaugurated on Sunday, the 8th waxing-moon day of the 6th month.[114] Once it reached the year 865, the Year of the Boar (2046 BE),[115] on Friday, the 11th waxing-moon day of the 8th month,[116] celebrations were held for the buddha Phra Si Sanphet. Measured from his feet to the top of his aureole, that buddha was eight wa tall; his face was four sok long; the width of his face was three sok; and his chest was eleven sok wide. And the bronze cast into that buddha weighed five myriad and three thousand chang. The gold coating him weighed five myriad and three thousand chang: in the front was the seventh-grade gold weighing and two kha, in the back was the sixth-grade gold weighing two kha.
In the year 877, the Year of the Boar (2058 BE),[117] on Tuesday, the 15th waxing-moon day of the 11th month,[118] at the time of eight chan,[119] three roek, and nine roek after the dayspring, His Divine Highness Ramathibodi went unto Nakhon Lamphang Town. He conquered the town.
In the year 880, the Year of the Tiger (2061 BE),[120] as His Divine Highness Ramathibodi [had] built Phra Si Sanphet [to mark his] assumption of kingship, [the writing of] the treatise Phichai Songkhram[121] was commenced and the making of sarabanchi[122]phra ratcha samrit[123] was commenced in every town.
In the year 886, the Year of the Monkey (2067 BE),[124] on that occasion, a tusk of the regal elephant Chaophaya Prap was seen cracking lengthwise on the right side.[125] In addition, in the seventh month, someone posted anonymous letters. In that event, many officials[126] were condemned unto death.
In the year 887, the Year of the Rooster (2068 BE),[127] water was scarce, ruining the rice entirely. Moreover, the earth quaked in every town and ill omens took place in various forms. Once came the next year, the year 888, the Year of the Dog (2069 BE),[128] rice was dear, being one fueang per thanan. [When reckoned at the rate of] one bia equal to eight hundred [fueang], a cartload cost one chang and six tamlueng. On that occasion, High Higness Nophutthangkun[129] the Lord was instituted in the position of viceroy[98] and was sent north to rule Phitsanulok Town.
In the year 891, the Year of the Ox (2072 BE),[130] an aerial omen, like a bow of Indra,[131] white in colour, was seen crossing the firmament from the southwest unto the northwest. On Sunday, the 8th waxing-moon day of the 12th month,[132] His Divine Highness Ramathibodi the Lord went unto the Hall of Ho Phra.[133] As night fell on that day, His Divine Highness Ramathibodi the Lord entered nirvana.[19] Thus His Divine Highness Athit the Lord assumed kingship of the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya under the name of His Highness Borommaracha Nophutthangkun.[129]
In the year 895, the Year of the Snake (2076 BE),[134] His Divine Highness Borommaracha Nophutthangkun entered nirvana.[19] Thus His Divine Highness the Royal Child was enabled to assume kingship.
In the year 896, the Year of the Horse (2077 BE),[135] an incident happened[136] unto that royal child. Thus kingship devolved upon His Divinity Chairachathirat the Lord.
In the year 900, the Year of the Dog (2081 BE),[137] the heaping up of soil at Chi Chiang Temple was ordered to be commenced. In the sixth month, the establishment of buddhas and pagodas was commenced. It fell upon the eleventh month that [His Divine Highness] went unto Chiang Krai [and] Chiang Kran. It fell upon the fourth month, the ninth waxing-moon day,[138] the time around the first watch of the evening, that a gale gusted vigorously, and the bow of the barge Om Kaeo Saen Mueang Ma[139] broke, and the barge Krai Kaeo shattered. Moreover, when [His Divine Highness] proceeded from[140] Kamphaeng Phet Town, [He] said Phaya Narai was plotting treason and had Phaya Narai arrested and slain in the town of Kamphaeng Phet.
In the year 907, the Year of the Snake (2088 BE),[141] on Wednesday, the fourth waxing-moon day of the seventh month,[142] His Divine Highness Chairachathirat the Lord went unto Chiang Mai with the ruler of Phitsanulok as the vanguard, and He marched His men out to be organised into the hosts of triumph[143] in Bang Ban District. On Saturday, the fourteenth waxing-moon day of the seventh month,[144] He then marched His royal hosts from the site of the hosts of triumph unto Kamphaeng Phet Town. It fell upon Tuesday, the ninth waning-moon day of the seventh month,[145] that He went out to organise the hosts of triumph in Kamphaeng Phet Town. It fell upon Sunday, the fourteenth waning-moon day of the seventh month,[146] that He marched His hosts unto, and set them in, Chiang Thong, whereupon He marched them unto, and set them in, Chiang Mai Town. It fell upon Sunday, the fourth waxing-moon day of the ninth month,[147] that the royal hosts returned from Chiang Mai Town. It fell upon Thursday, the fifteenth waxing-moon day of the ninth month,[148] that the royal hosts reached Kamphaeng Phet Town, whereupon [His Divine Highness] proceeded unto the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya. As for the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya, on Wednesday, the fourteenth waxing-moon day of the third month,[149] a fire broke out and went on for three days afore it could be quenched, and a myriad and fifty houses were then reported to have been burnt thereby. On Sunday, the eleventh waxing-moon day of the second month,[150] His Divine Highness Chairachathirat the Lord went unto Chiang Mai Town, and He had the ruler of Phitsanulok as His vanguard and proceeded unto Kamphaeng Phet Town, bringing His royal hosts with Him. He overnighted with His royal hosts in Kamphaeng Phet Town for a month. It fell upon Thursday, the sixth waxing-moon day of the third month,[151] that [He] went out to organise the hosts of triumph.[143] It fell upon Sunday, the ninth waxing-moon day of the third month,[152] that [He] then marched the royal hosts unto the town of Chiang Mai, and on Tuesday, the third waxing-moon day of the fourth month,[153] conquered was the town of Lamphun Chai. On Friday, the thirteenth waxing-moon day of the fourth month,[154] an ill omen happened: blood was seen stuck upon the doors of all homes, and houses, and temples in each and every region, either inside or outside the town. It fell upon Monday, the fifteenth waning-moon day of the fourth month,[155] that the royal host was marched from the town of Chiang Mai unto the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya.
In the year 908, the Year of the Horse (2089 BE),[156] in the sixth month, His Divine Highness Chairachathirat the Lord entered nirvana.[19] Thus his royal child, His Highness Divine Lord Yotfa, assumed kingship of the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya. In that year, the earth quaked.
In the year 910, the Year of the Monkey (2091 BE),[157] on Saturday, the fifth waxing-moon day of the fifth month, [His Highness] went out to bathe.[158] Elephants were put to fight[159] and a tusk[160] of the elephant Phaya Fai broke into three pieces. Moreover, two days later, the regal elephant Phra Chatthan kept crying as the sound of a conch. In addition, the Phaichayon Gate groaned as an ill omen. It fell upon Sunday, the fifth waxing-moon day of the eight month,[161] that His Highness Divine Lord Yotfa met a mishap,[136] whereupon Khun Chinnarat enjoyed kingship for two score and two days. Then Khun Chinnarat and Maeyua[162] Sisudachan met a mishap, His Divine Highness Thianrachathirat was therefore invited to assume kingship under the name of His Divine Highness Mahachakkraphat. And as [His Divine Highness] had assumed kingship for seven months, the ruler of Hongsa, Pangsaweki, marched his men unto the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya in the fourth months. When His Divine Highness Mahachakkraphat the Lord went out to fight the war of Hongsa, Her Divine Highness the Principal Queen Consort and Her Divine Highness the Royal Child, a royal daughter, mounted upon their elephants, went out in His company. And the vaward, having engaged with the foes from Hongsa, was routed and ran into the royal host, begetting a great chaos. And Her Divine Highness the Principal Queen Consort and Her Divine Highness the Royal Child, a royal daughter, fought the foes till they lost their lives upon the necks of their elephants. And, in that war of Hongsa, His Divine Highness Mahathammarachathirat the Lord and His Divine Highness the Royal Child, His Divinity Ramesuan, were lost unto the ruler of Hongsa, and Phaya Prap and the regal elephant Phaya Nuphap were sent after, and delivered unto, the ruler of Hongsa in the town of Kamphaeng Phet, and the ruler of Hongsa then sent His Divinity Mahathammarachathirat the Lord and His Divine Highness Ramesuan the Lord unto the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya.
In the year 911, the Year of the Rooster (2092 BE),[163] on Saturday, the tenth waxing-moon day of the second month,[164] a bull white elephant a little over four sok tall was obtained from the region of the Tanaosi Wood. He was clept Patchainakhen. On that occasion, the raising of walls for the Divine City of Glorious Ayutthaya was ordered to be commenced.
In the year 912, the Year of the Dog (2093 BE),[165] in the eighth month, on the second waxing-moon day,[166] the royal ceremony of pathommakam[167] was held for His Divine Highness Mahachakkraphat the Lord in the district of Tha Daeng,[168] with Phra Kammawacha[169] as phruetthibat,[170] Phra Phichet[171] as atsadachan,[172] and Phra Inthro[173] as kammakan.[174]
In the year 914, the Year of the Rat (2095 BE),[175] on that occasion, sae barges[176] were ordered to be modified into chai [barges][177] and animal-headed barges.
In the year 915, the Year of the Ox (2096 BE),[178] in the seventh month, commenced was the holding of the royal ceremony of matthayommakam[179] for His Divine Highness Mahachakkraphat in the district of Chai Nat Buri.
In the year 916, the Year of the Tiger (2097 BE),[180] [His Divine Highness] went to corral elephants[95] in Bang Lamung District, where He obtained three score bull and cow elephants. In addition, in the twelfth month, a bull white elephant a little over four sok tall was obtained from the region of the Kanchanaburi Wood. He was clept Phra Khachenthrodom.
In the year 917, the Year of the Rabbit (2098 BE),[181] on Monday, the seventh waning-moon day of the seventh month,[182] a bull white elephant a little over four sok and one khuep tall was obtained from the region of the Phetchaburi Wood. He was clept Phra Kaeosongbat.
In the year 947, the Year of the Rooster (2128 BE),[184] the divine lord of Sawathi[185] marched his men south for another time. He positioned his hosts in Sa Ket District and remained there from the second month till the fourth month. Once it reached Wednesday, the seventh waxing-moon day of the fifth month, the time of four nalika and one bat after the dayspring,[186] [the King's Highness] proceeded in formation to muster [His] hosts of triumph[143] in Lomphli District, and on Saturday, the tenth waxing-moon day of the fifth month,[187] [as He was] proceeding from [the site of] the hosts of triumph by way of river through Pa Mok, a multitude of grey pelicans flew in from both the left and the right leading [His] royal barge towards. Once it reached Thursday, the fourteenth waning-moon day of the fifth month,[188] [the King's Highness], mounted upon the royal elephant Phlai Mongkhon Thawip, went out to line all the elephants and horses up on the brink of the river, and the sun had a halo and the rays of that halo shone down upon the royal elephant as if offering a shade to shelter it. On that occasion, [the King's Highness] charged the hosts of the divine lord of Sawathi that had been positioned in Sa Ket District, routing them in defeat. In the same year, the High Viceroy marched his men in by way of Kamphaeng Phet, where they stayed and started rice farming.
In the year 948, the Year of the Dog (2129 BE),[189]In the year 950, the Year of the Rat (2131 BE),[190] on Monday, the eighth waning-moon day of the twelfth month,[191] the earth quaked.
In the year 951, the Year of the Ox (2132 BE),[192] rice was dear, being ten tamlueng per cartload. The seal of Phaya Narai was affixed for confirmation.[193] On Friday, the seventh waning-moon day of the second month,[194] the earth quaked.
In the year 952, the Year of the Tiger (2133 BE),[195] on Sunday, the thirteenth waning-moon day of the eighth month,[196] His Divine Highness the Royal Buddha, the Divine Senile Rajah,[197] entered nirvana.[19] On Tuesday, the second waning-moon day of the twelfth month,[198] the High Viceroy marched his hosts in by way of Kanchanaburi. On that occasion, the person of the ruler of Phasim[199] was captured in Chorakhe Sam Phan District.
In the year 954, the Year of the Dragon (2135 BE),[200] on Friday, the second waning-moon day of the twelfth month,[201] the High Viceroy marched in from Hongsa.[202] On Saturday, the first waning-moon day of the first month,[203] the palate of the regal elephant Phaya Chaiyanuphap prolapsed about five ongkhuli in size. Once it reached the second month, the High Viceroy reached the territory of Suphan Buri Town, but he set his hosts in Phang Tru District. On Sunday, the ninth waxing-moon day of the second month, at the time of four nalika and two bat after the dayspring,[204] [the King's Highness] proceeded in formation by way of river [to perform the rite of] fan mai khom nam[205] in Lomphli District and mustered the hosts of triump[143] in Muang Wan District, and on Wednesday, the twelfth waxing-moon da of the second month, at the time of two nalika and nine bat after the dayspring,[206] [He] proceeded in formation on land. Furthermore, as daylight was nighing on that twelfth waxing-moon day, a bodily relic[207] was seen miraculously passing towards the way which [the King's Highness] was about to take. On Monday, the second waning-moon day of the second month, at the time of five nalika and three bat after the dayspring,[208] [the King's Highness], mounted upon the regal elephant Phaya Chaiyanuphap, went out to fight with the High Viceroy in Nong Sarai District. On that occasion, the auspicious time was not observed but was a bit breached, and whilst fighting with the High Viceroy on elephant, His Divine Highness Narai the Holy Lord was slightly hit[209] in the right hand with a shot.[210] In addition, when the High Viceroy rode his elephant out to stand it [at a place], the headgear the High Viceroy was wearing fell down to the ground and he picked it up and put it on again. In that event, the High Viceroy was cleaved to death on the neck of his elephant at that very place, and the regal elephant Phaya Chaiyanuphap, whereupon [the King's Highness] rode and fought with the High Viceroy till attaining victory, was conferred with the name of Chaophaya Prap Hongsa.[211]
In the year 955, the Year of the Snake (2136 BE),[212] on Monday, the fifth waxing-moon day of the tenth month,[213] [the King's Highness] ascended the Great Manor.[214] On that occasion, being inflamed at the Mons, [He] had around a hundred Mons set upon fire. On Wednesday, the tenth waxing-moon day of the second month,[215] [the King's Highness] proceeded in formation to take Lawaek[216] Town and [He] mustered the hosts of triumph[143] in Bang Khuat District. On that expedition, [He] captured the person of Phaya Sisuphan[217] on Sunday, the first waning-moon day of the fourth month.[218]
In the year 956, the Year of the Horse (2137 BE),[219] [the King's Highness] marched [His] hosts to Satong[220] Town.
In the year 957, the Year of the Goat (2138 BE),[221] on Sunday, the third waxing-moon day of the first month, at the time of three nalika and nine bat after the dayspring,[222] [the King's Highness] proceeded in formation to Hongsa[202] Town. On the previous occasion,[223] [He performed the rite of] fan mai khom nam[205] in Lomphli District and mustered the hosts of triumph[143] in Muang Wan District. On Monday, the thirteenth waning-moon day of the fourth month, in the wee hours of the night, having failed to approach and seize the town of Hongsa, the royal hosts proceeded back home.
In the year 958, the Year of the Monkey (2139 BE),[224] on Tuesday, the fourth waxing-moon day of the sixth month,[225] Laos escaped and Khun Chamueang[226] fought with the Laos in Ta-khian Duan District. In addition, on Thursday, the sixth waxing-moon day of the third month,[227] heavy rains hailed for three days as if being the rainy season.
In the year 961, the Year of the Pig (2142 BE),[228] on Thursday, the eleventh waxing-moon day of the eleventh month, at the time of two nalika and eight bat after the dayspring,[229] [the King's Highness] proceeded in formation to Tong-u[230] Town. [He performed the rite of] fan mai khom nam[205] in Lomphli District and mustered the osts of triumph[143] in Wat Tan District. In addition, in that eleventh month, there took place a stellar passage: Saturn moved from Virgo to Libra. On Wednesday, the tenth waxing-moon day of the fourth month,[231] [the King's Highness] reached Tong-u Town and [His] royal hosts advanced to take up position around thirty sen away from Tong-u Town, and they remained there for two months, during which they were faced with an extreme dearth of victuals and a great many of their members died of starvation. Once came Wednesday, the sixth waning-moon day of the sixth month,[232] the royal hosts proceeded back to the City of Glorious Ayutthaya.
In the year 963, the Year of the Ox (2144 BE),[233] in the sole seventh month, a solar eclipse occurred. In that year, Phra Isuan and Phra Narai[234] the Lords were brought in four palanquins to benediction[235] at the same time and on the same day.
In the year 964, the Year of the Tiger (2145 BE),[236] [?][237] went on a trip to Lop Buri.
In the year 965, the Year of the Rabbit (2146 BE),[238] the host of the Lord of the Front Quarters[239] went to take the Khom Empire,[240] which it conquired.
In the year 966, the Year of the Dragon (2147 BE),[241] on Thursday, the third waning-moon day of the second month,[242] [the royal fleet] moved in formation from Pa Mok by way of river and [performed the rite of] fan mai khom nam[205] in Ekkarat District. The host of triumph[143] was mustered in Phra Lo District. That day was a leap day[243] and there took place a stellar passage: Saturn moved one degree to the Archer. On that occasion, as [the King's Highness] arrived in the town of Luang, the district of Don Kaeo Field. . .
Act on ⟨Transfer⟩ of the Ownership Over the Land Around the Barracks of the 4th Infantry Battalion in Tha Phra Chan Subdistrict to the University of Moral and Political Science, 2477 BE
Act Transferring Land in the Public Domain of the State in Sam Sen Nai Subdistrict, Bang Sue District, Phra Nakhon Province, to the Ministry of Defence, 2477 BE
Act Transferring Suea Son Lep Canal, Bang Duan Subdistrict, Samut Prakan District, ⟨Sumut Prakan Province⟩, Which Is in the Public Domain of the State, to the Ministry of Defence, 2478 BE
Act Transferring Ta Luea Canal, Chong Nonsi Subdistrict, Ban Thawai District, Phra Nakhon Province, Which Is in the Public Domain of the State, to the Railways Department, 2478 BE
Act for Transfer of Powers and Duties Relating to the Agriculture and Fishery Department, Irrigation Department, Land and Mines Department, Forestry Department, and Cooperatives Department, 2478 BE
Act Transferring Land in the Public Domain of the State in Phun Chai Subdistrict, Samphanthawong District, Phra Nakhon Province, to Buan Hua Seng Company Limited, 2478 BE
Amendment to the Royal Decree Designating the Rate of Monthly Salaries for Ordinary Civil Officials of the Office of the Prime Minister (No. 1), 2478 BE
Amendment to the Royal Decree Designating the Rate of Monthly Salaries for Ordinary Civil Officials of the Ministry of Public Instruction (No. 1), 2478 BE
Amendment to the Royal Decree Designating the Rate of Monthly Salaries for Ordinary Officials of the Department of Univesities, Ministry of Public Instruction (No. 1), 2478 BE
Royal Decree Designating the Rate of Monthly Salaries for Ordinary Civil Officials of the Bureau of the Royal Household and of the Office of the Secretary to the Sovereign, 2478 BE
Amendment to the Royal Decree on Procedure for Selection of Persons to Be Placed in Positions in the Agriculture and Fishery Department With Special Circumstances, 2478 BE
Royal Decree Designating the Procedure for Selection of Persons to Be Placed in Positions in the Fine Arts Department With Special Circumstances, 2478 BE
Royal Decree Designating the Procedure for Selection of Persons to Be Placed in Positions in the Corrections Department With Special Circumstances, 2478 BE
Royal Decree Designating the Procedure for Selection of Persons to Be Placed in Positions of Ordinary Judicial Officials With Special Circumstances (No. 1), 2478 BE
Amendment to the Royal Decree Designating the Procedure for Selection of Persons to Be Placed in Positions in the Public Prosecution Department With Special Circumstances, 2478 BE
Royal Decree Dealing With the Enforcement of the Methods and Standards of Weight, Volume, and Length Measurement, as Well as the Units and Devices of Weight, Volume, and Length Measurement, Which Have Been Established in Accordance With the Weight, Volume, and Length Standards Act, 2466 BE, etc, 2477 BE
↑ 2.02.1Correctly, the terms People's Party and people in this paragraph should switch each other's place. (Wikisource contributor note)
↑A typographical error for "7". (Wikisource contributor note)
↑Siamese nobleman and Ministry of Public Instruction official (1862–1926 CE), Phra Pariyattithammathada being his noble title during his tenure as chief of the Right Department of Royal Scholars, Phae being his given name, Parian being an honorary title he obtained upon passing the fourth level of the Buddhist pariyatti examination (Teachers' Council, 1958, pp. 1–2).
↑A noble title he held during his tenure as deputy chief of the Department of Education, Ministry of Public Instruction (Teachers' Council, 1958, p. 1).
↑In the Thai text, the subject of the sentence has been omitted. Scholars believe that King Narai is being referred to here because the date mentioned fell in his reign (Chalitanon, 1981, p. 223).
↑The term phra hon (Thai: พระโหร) consists of an honorific, phra ("divine"), and the main noun, hon, which Royal Institute (n.d.) defines as "one who makes divination chiefly using the orbits of the stars". Generally, it refers to any astromancer at the royal court. But some scholars believe that the term here refers to Phra Horathibodi (Thai: พระโหราธิบดี), the chief royal astromancer (Hodges, 1999, p. 33).
↑"แสงเชรา" can be pronounced saeng-chrao, saeng-chao, and saeng-che-ra. It is not known which of these is the actually correct pronunciation, but the first one is chosen here. Some scholars have associated it with present-day Chaochoengsao (Phakdikham, 2015, p. 12).
↑Figure 1 – The lion balcony of the Chakri Maha Prasat Hall, Grand Palace, BangkokBan chan sing (Thai: บันชั้นสิงห์) literally translates "gable [with] rows of lions". But this is possibly an archaic (or erroneous) spelling of banchon sing (Thai: บัญชรสิงห์; literally, "lion balcony"), the balcony of a royal hall for the monarch to appear during a public audience (see figure 1 for example of such a balcony in modern times). The term banchon sing is found in a number of works from the Ayutthaya period, such as the Palace Law of Ayutthaya (Phongsiphian, 2005: pp. 63–65), which states: "Somdet Phra Chao Ramathibodi...was seated upon the Throne of the Jewelled Lion at the Balcony of Lion" (Thai: "สมเดจพระเจ้ารามาธิบดี...สถิตยในรัตนสิงหาศบัญชรสิงห์").
↑Chaosenabodi (Thai: เจ้าเสนาบดี), from chao ("lord") + senabodi ("military commander"), refers to a public official in charge of the military (Royal Society, 2020, p. 81).
↑Patha Khu Cham (Thai: ปท่าคูจาม) may be translated as "Cham Moat banks", as it consists of patha, which the Royal Society (2020, p. 185) defines as "bank" (as of a river or lake), khu ("moat"), and cham ("Cham"). However, it is also possible that patha is from Old Khmer pandāya, which SEAlang Library (n.d.) defines as "1. n. Military base, stronghold, fortress. 2 n. Enceinte, citadel, walled town." Phakdikham (2015, p. 16) says "Patha Khu Cham was a town lying to the west of the [Ayutthaya] city isle by the Chao Phraya River. At present, there is still a canal known as the Cham Moat Canal (Ta-khian Canal)."
↑Kin mueang (Thai: กินเมือง; literally, "to consume a town") is defined by the Royal Society (2020, p. 35) as "to rule over a town, to administer a town, to be in charge of a town". Phongsiphian (2005, p. 73) expressed an opinion that the term means to be authorised to rule a town and derive benefits from that town.
↑Pa Than (Thai: ป่าถ่าน) may be translated as "Charcoal Market", as it consists of pa, which the Royal Society (2020, p. 193) defines as "place where the same goods are sold in great amount", and than, which means "charcoal".
↑ 42.042.1An archaism meaning "to die", the "Abode of the Brave" referring to Heaven (Royal Society, 2020, p. 328).
↑Some scholars believe Phaya Kaeo Phaya Thai (Thai: พญาแก้วพญาไท) refers to a single person, whilst some believe it refers to two persons (Phaya Kaeo and Phaya Thai). Damrongrachanuphap (1991, p. 218) expressed an opinion, saying "Phraya Kaeo Phraya Thai seemed to be a relative of the king of Cambodia". Phakdikham (2006, p. 886) believes Phaya Kaeo Phaya Thai here corresponded to the Cambodian royal title of Phra Ong Kaeo (Thai: พระองค์แก้ว), which the official list of Cambodian dignitary titles says was the highest second-class royal title for a relative of the Cambodian sovereign.
↑Rupphap (Thai: รูปภาพ) is a compound consisting of rup ("form") and phap ("condition"). In modern usage, it refers to a two-dimensional image (Royal Institute, n.d.). But in archaic usage, it seems to refer to an image of any dimension. Damrongrachanuphap (1991, p. 219) believed that the term here refers to the bronze cow statues displayed at Phra Phutthabat Temple at his time. Phakdikham (2015, p. 20) expressed an opinion that the term here refers to the bronze statues now displayed at Mahamuni Buddha Temple in Mandalay, known as Mahamuni Bronzes.
↑Literally translating as "three mouths" and referring to a building with three porches (Royal Society, 2020, p. 121). The building destroyed on this occasion was rebuilt as a pavilion of the same name in 2451 BE (1908/09 CE) by King Chulalongkorn and is now part of the Ayutthaya Historical Park (Fine Arts Department, 1999, p. 214).
↑According to the newly discovered Royal Chronicle of Wachirayan Royal Library (Chronicle No. 222 2/A 104), these were political factions in the Khmer Empire that opposed to the annexation of their empire by the Suphannaphum Dynasty of the Ayutthaya Kingdom (Phongsiphian, 2012, p. 74).
↑Pathai Khasem (Thai: ปะท้ายเขษม) may be translated as "Fort of Peace" (Phongsiphian, 2012, p. 92), as it is possibly from Old Khmer pandāya ("fort, fortress") and khsema ("peace, tranquillity").
↑Bun (Thai: บุณ) is suggested by the Royal Society (2020, p. 177) to be from Pali puṇṇa ("to fill, full") and mean "to make perfect, to make complete".
↑In the oldest manuscript, the mere term of racha (Thai: ราชา; literally, "king") was used here (Fine Arts Department, 1999, p. 216), not Borommaracha. This term of racha probably refers to, or probably is a scribal error for, Intharacha, whom the other parts of this paragraph say engaged in the battle. Anyway, some scholars opine that Borommaracha and Intharacha were the same person, saying Intharacha became known as Borommaracha upon assumption of kingship as stated in the initial part of this paragraph (Phakdikham, 2015, p. 28).
↑A document from the Lan Na Kingdom, Tamnan Phuenmueang Chiang Mai (Chiang Mai Cultural Centre, 1995, p. 69), says it was a shot from a blowpipe known as puen-klong (Thai: ปืนกล้อง).
↑Phakdikham (2015, p. 28) expressed an opinion that this paragraph possibly contains an error (perhaps a scribal error) because the person who was the high king (king of Lan Na) was actually Thao Luk (Tilokkarat) and Thao Bun (Bunrueang) was his son. A document from Lan Na, Tamnan Phuenmueang Chiang Mai (Chiang Mai Cultural Centre, 1995, p. 77), says: "Not so long after that, the Lady of the Hall of Pearls made accusations against Chaophothao Bunrueang, saying he was wicked. Chaophraya Tilokkaracha then had him kept in Noi Town. Afterwards, the Lady of the Hall of Pearls incited Chaophraya Tilokkaracha to put Phothao Bunrueang to death. Later on, it became known that he was guiltless." ("อยู่บ่นานเท่าใด เจ้าแม่ท้าวหอมุกใส่โทษแก่เจ้าพ่อท้าวบุญเรืองว่าบ่ดี เจ้าพระญาติโลกราชะหื้อเอาไว้เสียเมืองน้อย เมื่อลูน แม่ท้าวหอมุกลักใจเจ้าพระญาติโลกราชะหื้อได้ข้าพ่อท้าวบุญเรือง พายลูนจิ่งรู้ว่า หาโทษบ่ได้").
↑The name literally translates as "Great Life: The Royal Verses". It is a poetic work dealing with the life of Prince Vessantara (Fine Arts Department, 1997, pp. (2)–(3)).
↑A silver birthday celebration (Royal Society, 2020, p. 33). The name of the rite, benchaphit (Thai: เบญจาพิศ), is believed to be from Pali pañcavīsa ("twenty-five") (ibid.).
↑The Royal Society (2020, p. 113) says it was a rite which served as the first stage of a royal ceremony which consisted of three stages, the first stage being called pathommakam (Thai: ปฐมกรมม; "primary action"), the second stage being called matthayommakam (Thai: มัธยมกรรม; "intermediate action"), and the third stage being called udommakam (Thai: อุดมกรรม; "ultimate action"). However, Phakdikham (2015, pp. 43–44) believed all the three stages were part of a royal ceremony for catching of elephants, whilst Damrongrachanuphap (1991, p. 243) said pathommakam was a military ceremony.
↑According to the Royal Society (2020, p. 90), chan (Thai: ชั้น), which literally translates as "level", is a historical unit of time equal to a level of a shadow cast by a tree branch. However, the Fine Arts Department (1999, p. 219) said it was equal a level of a shadow of a person standing in the sun.
↑The name literally translates as "victory [in] war". It is a book about military strategies or methods for wining a war (Royal Institute, n.d.).
↑According to the Royal Society (2020, p. 320), sarabanchi (Thai: สารบาญชี) was an account showing numbers or amounts of human resources, military bodies, supplies, etc. Phakdikham (2015, p. 32) expressed an opinion that it might refer to an enumeration of the population.
↑This phrase (Thai: พระราชสำฤทธิ) can be read as phra ratcha samrit or phra ratcha samritthi. It literally translates as "divine royal success" but its intended meaning is not known. In Bangkok era documents, this was rephrased as phra ratcha phithi (Thai: พระราชพิธี), which literally translates as "divine royal ceremony[/ies]".
↑In fact, the Thai text can be understood to refer to the right tusk or to the right side of either tusk (or both tusks, since the number is not stated).
↑According to the Royal Society (2020, p. 48), khunnang (Thai: ขุนนาง) specifically refers to a public official who has a noble title and is entitled 400 or more fiefs.
↑ 129.0129.1Nophutthangkun (Thai: หน่อพุทธางกูร) literally translates as "The Scion, The Scion of the Buddha", as it consists of no ("scion") and phuttangkun ("scion of the Buddha"). Damrongrachanuphap (1991, p. 256) expressed an opinion that it was a title equivalent to the title nophraphutthachao (Thai: หน่อพระพุทธเจ้า; "Buddha's Scion"), which the Palace Law of Ayutthaya said was for a son born to a king and his principal queen consort.
↑Intthanu (Thai: อินท์ธนู), literally translating as "bow of Indra", refers to a rainbow (Royal Society, 2020, p. 358). Yukhon (2009) believed the aerial omen here was Halley's Comet.
↑Ho Phra (Thai: หอพระ) literally translates as "Hall of Idols". The Royal Society (2020, p. 339) says it refers to a stand-alone building, often square in shape and roofed, used for housing important Buddha images.
↑ 136.0136.1Pen het (Thai: เปนเหตุ) literally translates as "be the cause". In modern usage, it means "because of". However, the Royal Society (2020, p. 198) says that, in old usage, it means "[there] being an incident (often a serious one)".
↑Ok sanam (Thai: ออกสนาม) literally translates as "go out [to] bathe", referring to the rite, known in full as sanam hemmabat (Thai: สนามเหมบัตร), in which the king would bathe in a golden tub according to the Palace Law (Phongsiphian, 2005, p. 152). However, the Royal Society (2020, p. 352) wrote that the rite was for consecration of the armed forces by sprinkling consecrated water upon warriors, elephants, horses, etc.
↑According to the Palace Law of Ayutthaya (Phongsiphian, 2005, pp. 153–156), the above-mentioned rite featured various performances, including staged fights between buffaloes, elephants, oxen, rams, etc.
↑It could also be both tusks, as the number is not stated. In Thai, singular and plural nouns have the same forms.
↑Maeyua (Thai: แม่หยัว), a corrupted or clipped form of maeyuhua (Thai: แม่อยู่หัว; "lady upon [all] heads"), was an honorific for the principal queen consort of a king (Royal Society, 2020, p. 258). However, Damrongrachanuphap (1991, p. 264) expressed an opinion that it was for a chief concubine of a king, as Sisudachan was one of the four noble titles for chief concubines of a king according to the Palace Law of Ayutthaya.
↑A noble title for a brahmin priest attached to the Department of Phruetthibat (Royal Society, 2020, p. 216). Phruetthibat (Thai: พฤฒิบาศ) were brahman priests in charge of performing elephant-related ceremonies and evil removal ceremonies (Royal Institute, n.d.).
↑A class of brahman priests in charge of performing elephant-related ceremonies and evil removal ceremonies (Royal Institute, n.d.).
↑A noble title for a brahmin priest attached to the Department of Astromancers (Royal Society, 2020, p. 222).
↑Atsadachan (Thai: อัษฎาจารย์) literally translates as "master of eight". But this could be a scribal error for hatsadachan (Thai: หัสดาจารย์), literally translating as "elephabt master" or "elephant trainer".
↑In modern usage, kammakan (Thai: กรรมการ) means "member (of a committee)". According to the Royal Society (2020, p. 15), it can also mean "servant" in old usage. But it is not certain if any of these meanings is applicable here.
↑Generally, Phra Isuan refers to the Hindu god Śiva and Phra Narai refers to the Hindu god Viṣṇu. But the terms here may respectively refer to Prince Ekathotsarot and his older brother, King Naresuan, since Naresuan is often herein referred to as Narai (as in the paragraphs of the years 933, 946, and 954) and Ekathotsarot is referred to by contemporary documents as Isuan (Damrongrachanuphap, 1925, p. 21).
↑In the Thai text, the subject of the sentence was omitted. Other chronicles do not mention this event but contain similar events around this year, saying Prince Ekathotsarot toured the town of Phitsanulok before taking a trip with his older brother, King Naresuan, to the sea towns of Sam Roi Yot and Tanot Luang (Damrongrachanuphap, 1991, pp. 175–176; Phakdikham, 2015, p. 163).
↑The Fine Arts Department (1999, p. 233) expressed an opinion that this title refers to King Naresuan's younger brother, Prince Ekathotsarot, who then held the position of viceroy. However, other royal chronicles say it was Prince Mahathammaracha, son of King Naresuan (Damrongrachanuphap, 1991, p. 175; Phakdikham, 2015, p. 162). The Palace Law of Ayutthaya (Kotmai Tra Sam Duang Lem Nueng, 2005, p. 115) also mentioned a similar title for a king's son, stating "a divine royal son shall become the Divine Scion, the Divine Lord Over All Heads in the Front Quarters" ("พระราชกุมารได้เปนพระหน่อพระเจ้าอยู่หัวฝ่ายหน้า").
↑The term mueang khom (Thai: เมืองขอม) consists of mueang, which refers to any polity (as town, city, state, country, etc), and khom, which the Royal Institute (n.d.) defines as "ancient Khmer". The Royal Society (2020, p. 256) says mueang khom here refers to Cambodia.
↑Referring to the fourteenth waning-moon day of an odd-numbered month, after which the first waxing-moon day of the following month comes immediately (the fifteen waning-moon day of the previous month being skipped) (Royal Society, 2020, p. 295).
↑The year 2478 Buddhist Era began on 1 April 1935 Common Era and ended on 31 March 1936 Common Era. (Wikisource contributor note)
↑Phra Nakhon was a province and the capital city of Siam. It is now Phra Nakhon District of Bangkok. (Wikisource contributor note)
↑Typographical error for "2477". (Wikisource contributor note)
↑The Thai text says krom chonlaprathan (Thai: กรมชลประทาน; "Irrigation Department"), which is a typographical error for kanchonlaprathan (Thai: การชลประทาน; "irrigation").
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