History of Mexico (Bancroft)/Volume 5/Table of Contents

by Hubert Howe Bancroft

 

CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME.
CHAPTER I.
REPUBLICAN ORGANIZATION.
1823-1824.
page
Demoralized Condition of the Army — A Bad Precedent — The New Government Congressional Acts — The Triumvirate — Foreign Loans and Financial Measures — National Coat of Arms and Flag — Federalists and Centralists — Their Press Organs — Political Troubles — Honors to Heroes of the Independence — A Constituent Congress Installed — Acta Constitutiva — Federal System Adopted — Revolutions — Lobato's — Revolt Disturbances in Jalisco — Victoria Elected President — The Constitution — Organization of States and Territories — Union of Chiapas with Mexico — The Federal District	1
CHAPTER II.
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.
1824-1829.
Authorities Inaugurated — President Victoria — Injustice to his Character — Political Situation — Amnesty for Political Offenders — First Ordinary Congress — Arizpe's Character and Public Career — Germs of Future Calamity — Masonic Lodges and Political Parties — Poinsett — The Press — Financial Troubles — Disturbances in Vera Cruz — Novenarios — Plan of Montaño — Bravo's Rebellion and its Suppression — Expatriation of Bravo and Others — The Yorkinos Triumphant — Presidential Election — Imparciales versus Guerrerists — Santa Anna's Rebellion — Revolt of La Acordada — The Parian Sacked — Congressional Action — Guerrero Made President — End of Victoria's Rule — His Last Days and Death	27
CHAPTER III.
DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN RELATIONS.
1823-1829.
Recognition by Foreign Powers — Negotiations with the Pope — Treaties with United States — Poinsett's Public Career — His Notes on Mexico — Diplomatic Relations with Great Britain and France — Treaties with European Nations — Hostility to Spaniards — Royal Plan of Reconquest — Arenas' Plot — Executions and Banishments — Expulsion of Spaniards — Siege of San Juan de Ulúa — The Spanish Commander Capitulates — Departure of the Spanish Garrison — Commodore Porter and Naval Operations — The War Brig Guerrero — Surrender of Ships on the Pacific	46
CHAPTER IV.
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC TROUBLES.
1828-1831
Spanish Scheme of Reconquest — Barradas' Invasion — His Defeat and Surrender — Rejoicing in Mexico — Monarchical Intrigues — Vicente Guerrero Second President — His Administration — Abolition of Slavery Extraordinary Powers — Party Animosity — Recall of Poinsett — Charges against Ministers — History of Yucatan — Secession of Yucatan — Revolution of Jalapa — Its Effects in Mexico — Provisional Government — Bustamante as the Executive — Guerrero Deposed — War in the South — Treachery against Guerrero — His Capture, Trial, and Execution — Ministers' Impeachment — Honors to Guerrero's Memory	71
CHAPTER V.
CONSERVATIVE RULE.
1830-1832
Despotic Measures — Codallos' Revolution — Yorkino Opposition — Politcal Blunders — Institutions Prostituted — Inclan's Affair — Impending Changes — Santa Anna's Pronunciamiento — His Defeat at Tolome — Siege of Vera Cruz — Its Failure — Revolutions in Tamaulipas — Teran's Suicide — Santa Anna's Reformed plan — It is Seconded Elsewhere — Battle of Los Carmelos — Fall of San Luis Potosí — Its Effects in Mexico — Acting President Muzquiz — Bustamante's Victory in Guanajuato — Santa Anna's Success — Bustamante's Defeats in Puebla — Armistice — Plans of Pacification — The Revolution Triumphant	102
CHAPTER VI.
THE FEDERAL SYSTEM AND ITS OVERTHROW.
1832-1836
Administration of Gomez Pedraza — His Subsequent Career, Character, and Death — Biography of Gomez Farías — His Political Principles and Administration — Disturbances in Michoacan — Santa Anna's Paradoxical Action — Arista's Revolt and its Suppression — First Movements in Favor of Centralism — Political Defeat of Farías — Santa Anna's Biography and Character — Downfall of the Federal System — Santa Anna Dictator — Political Parties and Contests — The New Congress — Centralism Inaugurated The New Constitutional Law — Dissatisfaction — Attempts to Reëstablish Federalism.	125
CHAPTER VII.
TEXAN INDEPENDENCE; MEXICO'S CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT
1819-1841
Boundary Line — American Aims — Long's Invasions — Colonization Plans — Colonies Formed by Austin and Others — Mexico's Liberal Policy — Coahuila and Texas — Stephen F. Austin's Imprisonment — Texas Separates from Coahuila — Revolutionary Acts — Mexican Troops Assailed — San Antonio de Béjar Taken — Course of the United States Neutrality Violated — American Troops Invade Texas — Declaration of Independence by Texas — Texan Garrison at Álamo Massacred — Battle of San Jacinto, and its Results — President Corro's Administration — President Bustamante — Spain Recognizes Mexican Nationality — Financial Distress — Political Troubles	151
CHAPTER VIII.
THE PASTRY WAR.
1838-1839
Foreign Reclamations — French Demands — Ultimatum and Blockade — Federalist Agitation — Admiral Baudin Appears on the Scene — Conference at Jalapa — The Mexican Gibraltar — Bombardment and Fall of San Juan de Ulúa — Mexico Declares War — Expulsion of Frenchmen — Descent on Vera Cruz — Santa Anna Poses as a Hero and Martyr — Critical Condition of the Government — The Ministry of Three Days — Santa Anna Called to Assist Bustamante — English Mediation — Arrangement with Baudin — Disappointing Result of the French Expedition	186
CHAPTER IX.
FEDERALIST AGITATION.
1838-1840
Checked in the West, the Federalists Rise in the East — Tampico Takes the Lead — The Movement Spreads from Tuxpan to the Rio Grande del Norte — Dilatory Action of Bustamante — Santa Anna Figures as Reformer — His Energy Saves the Government — Defeat and Execution of Mejía — Tampico and Tuxpan Capitulate — Bustamante Resumes the Presidency — Yucatan Secedes from the Republic — Revolution in Tabasco — Urrea's Pronunciamiento at Mexico — Bombardment of the Palace — Failure of the Outbreak — A Monarchical Breeze	206
CHAPTER X.
BASES OF TACUBAYA.
1841-1842.
More Taxes and Less Reform — Paredes Pronounces at Guadalajara Valencia Seconds Him at the Capital — Santa Anna Steps Forward to Assume the Leadership — Bases of Tacubaya — Federalist Counter-pronunciamiento by the President — Mexico again Besieged — Bustamante Resigns — His Character and Rule — Santa Anna Vaults into the Chair — Small Concessions to Cover Large Encroachments and Abuses — Yucatan Defeats the Centralist Troops and Obtains Practical Autonomy — Sentmanat's Invasion of Tabasco — Movements along the Texan Border Claims of the United States and Growing Bitterness	226
CHAPTER XI.
INTRIGUES, MISRULE, AND OVERTHROW OF SANTA ANNA.
1842-1845.
A Prospective Liberal Constitution — Santa Anna Withdraws behind the Arras — Intrigues against Congress — The Chambers Forcibly Dissolved — Installation of the Junta de Notables — New Organic Bases — Further Political Juggling — A Dummy President — Reëlection of Santa Anna — His Ridiculous Vanity and Peculiar Mode of Life — Administrative Corruption and Abuse — Paredes again Pronounces at Guadalajara — Santa Anna Promptly Takes the Field — The Hall of Congress Closed — The Capital Joins the Spreading Movement — Herrera Proclaimed President — Bluster and Vacillation of Santa Anna — His Flight, Capture, Impeachment, and Exile — Efforts at Reform Hampered by Factions	252
CHAPTER XII.
POLITICAL COMMOTIONS.
1845-1847.
José Joaquin de Herrera as Constitutional President — Opposition to his Policy on the Texan Question — Preparations for War — Archbishop Posada's Course — Plan of San Luis Potosí — Herrera Deposed — Paredes as Provisional President — Dissatisfaction — Revolution at Guadalajara — Paredes Overthrown — Santa Anna Recalled — He is Elected President — Gomez Farías as Vice — president Assumes the Executive Office — Santa Anna Supersedes Him	288
CHAPTER XIII.
CAUSES OF WAR WITH THE UNITED STATES.
1836-1848.
Coercive Diplomacy Claims against Mexico Their Remarkable In crease Demands for Adjustment American Hostility and Mexican Forbearance — Diplomatic Relations Suspended and Renewed — Arbitration and its Results — More American Claims and Mexican Counter — claims — Unfairness of the United States Government — Recognition of Texan Independence — Foreign Intrigues — Annexation of Texas — Means of Accomplishment — A Casus Belli — Rupture of Relations — Pressure on Mexico — Warlike Demonstrations — Slidell's Unsuccessful Mission	307
CHAPTER XIV.
CAMPAIGN ON THE RIO GRANDE.
March-May, 1846
Taylor Moves to Point Isabel — Advance against Matamoros — Erection of Fort Texas — Arista Appointed General-in-Chief — The Mexicans Assume the Offensive — Capture of Captain Thornton's Command — Taylor Retires to Point Isabel — Bombardment of Fort Texas — The Battle of Palo Alto — Arista Retreats to Resaca de la Palma — Description of the Field — The Battle — Defeat of the Mexicans — The Garrison at Fort Texas — Death of Major Brown — Arista's Retreat to Linares — Taylor Occupies Matamoros.	346
CHAPTER XV
CAPTURE OF MONTEREY.
May-September, 1846.
The United States Declares War — Scott and the Government at Variance — Call for Volunteers — Gaines' Unadvised Action — The Volunteer Question — Want of a War Plan — March to Monterey — Preparations of the Mexicans — Ampudia Appointed Commander-in-Chief — Description of Monterey — The Siege — Capture of Fort Tenería — Hard Fighting — Worth's Operations — Ampudia Capitulates — Monterey Evacuated — Dissatisfaction in the United States	368
CНAPTER XVI.
OPERATIONS IN THE NORTH — BUENA VISTA.
July, 1846-March, 1847.
Expeditions against New Mexico and California — Doniphan's March to Chihuahua — Battle of Sacramento — Operations of the Gulf Squadron — Taylor's Plans — He Advances to Saltillo — Tampico Evacuated by the Mexicans — Taylor Occupies Victoria and Abandons It — Scott Takes Command — Withdrawal of American Troops — Mexican Preparations — Santa Anna at San Luis Potosí — His March to Agua Nueva — Taylor Takes up a Position at La Angostura — Description of the Pass — Dispositions of the Two Armies — Battle of Buena Vista — The Final Charge Repulsed — Santa Anna Retreats	403
CHAPTER XVII.
SCOTT S MARCH TO PUEBLA.
February-July, 1847.
Taylor Returns to Monterey — Preparations against Vera Cruz — Landing of United States Forces — Apathy of the Mexican Government — Fortifications of Vera Cruz — Siege and Capitulation — Respective Losses — Operations of the Gulf Fleet — Santa Anna's Preparations — He Takes up a Position at Cerro Gordo — Scott Advances into the Interior — Battle of Cerro Gordo — The Height Carried — Scott Enters Jalapa — The Castle of Perote Evacuated — Worth Proceeds to Puebla — Trist Appointed Commissioner to Mexico — His Disagreement with Scott — Attempts at Negotiation with Santa Anna	437
CHAPTER XVIII.
INVASION OF THE VALLEY OF MEXICO.
August, 1847.
Scott Advances — Mustering of the Mexicans — Defences of the Capital — The Chalco Route — A Flank Movement — Valencia's Insubordination — His Ambitious Designs — The Battle of Padierna — Begins Santa Anna's Inaction — The Morning Surprise — Effect of Valencia's Defeat — Bravo Outflanked — Fortifications of Churubusco — Antiquated Tactics — Cannonading the Convent — Critical Position of Shields — The Tâte de Pont — Gallantry of Rincon and Anaya — Santa Anna Retreats within the Gates — Peril of the City	468
CHAPTER XIX.
FALL OF THE CAPITAL.
August-September, 1847.
Panic at Mexico — Scott is Lured into an Armistice — Delusive Peace Negotiations — Patriotic Sentiments — Santa Anna Manœuvring to Gain Time — Mutual Recriminations — Molino del Rey — Capture and Recapture of the Battery — Some Mexican Heroes — A Barren Triumph — Inner Defences of the Capital — The Hill Fortress of Chapultepec — Bombardment and Storming of the Castle — Worth Carries the Gate of San Cosme — Quitman's Operations against Belen — Santa Anna Evacuates the City — Entry of Scott A Patriotic Uprising	489
CHAPTER XX.
END OF THE UNITED STATES WAR.
1847-1848.
Santa Anna's Administration — Anaya's First Term — Federal Constitution Restored — State of Guerrero — Santa Anna Resigns — President Peña and his Efforts for Peace — Invader's Rule and Operations — Santa Anna Deprived of Command — Anaya again President — Peña Succeeds — Peace Policy Continued — Internal Disturbances — War of Races in Yucatan — Treaty with the United States, whose Forces Evacuate Mexico — Gains and Losses — Evils of the War — Paredes Revolution — End of Peña's Administration	524
CHAPTER XXI.
REORGANIZATION UNDER HERRERA.
1849.
Obstacles to Reform — Weakness of the Government — Party Agitation — Opposed by Popular Sentiment — Arrangement with Foreign Creditors — Consolidation of the Interior Debt — Effort to Reduce Expenses Smuggling and Other Inroads on the Revenue Involved Finances — A Succession of Ministerial Changes — Military Corruption — The Service in Disrepute — Its Reconstruction — New Armament — Reduction of Force — The Navy — Militia System — Efforts at Colonization — Military Colonies on the Frontier, and their Value	557
CHAPTER XXII.
WAR OF RACES.
1849-1851.
Race Feeling — Condition of the Indian Population — Hostilities in the Sierra Gorda — A Projected Northern Republic — Border Raids — Scalp — hunting — The War in Yucatan — Attitude of British Settlers in Belize — The Bacalar Expedition — Selling Prisoners into Foreign Slavery — Dissensions among the Rebels — Inefficient Campaign Plans — of Micheltorena and Vega — Revolutionary Movements in the South ern States — Agitation for Religious Tolerance — Presidential Election — Obstacles to Reform Charactr and Services of Herrera	576
CHAPTER XXIII.
ARISTA S ADMINISTRATION.
1851-1852.
A Reformed Turncoat — False Economy — A National Finance Council — Clamoring Creditors — Cabinet Changes — Ramirez as Prime Minister — Inaction of the Chambers — Carbajal Invades the North — east ern Provinces — The Ávalos Tariff — Indian Raids — Severity toward Journalists and Party Leaders — Blancarte Starts the Revolution — Plan of Guadalajara — Uraga Manoeuvring — Attitude of Congress — Growth of the Hostile Party — Vera Cruz Turns the Scale — Resignation of Arista — His Character and Death	596
CHAPTER XXIV.
HIS MOST SERENE HIGHNESS, THE DICTATOR.
1853.
Ceballos is Confirmed as President — Inefficient Measures — Suppression of the Congress — Plan of Arroyozarco — Resignation of Ceballos — Lombardini Succeeds — Nepotism and Corruption — Electoral Campaign — Victory of Santanists and Conservatives — Return of Santa Anna — His Ministry and Policy — A Centralized Administration Reconstruction of the Army and its Object — Favoritism, Espionage, and Persecution — A Few Redeeming Efforts — Death of Alaman, the Great Conservative Leader — Pomp and Arrogance of the Dictator — Orders and Titles — Visions of Empire	615
CHAPTER XXV.
OVERTHROW OF DICTATORIAL RULE.
1854-1855.
Santa Anna's Despotism and its Consequences — Plan of Ayutla — Juan Álvarez and Ignacio Comonfort — Santa Anna's Campaign in Guerrero — Disturbed Condition of Mexico — Sale of National Territory A Farcical Plebiscit — Santa Anna Confirmed in Power — His Attempt at a Change of Policy — Conservative Opposition — End of Santa Anna's Public Career — Counter-revolution in Mexico — President Carrera — His Conciliatory Efforts — Reactionary Intrigues Liberal Triumph — Álvarez Chosen Provisional President	646
CHAPTER XXVI.
LIBERAL INSTITUTIONS RESTORED.
1855-1856.
President Álvarez Administration — Reforms Initiated — Ley Juarez Differences in the Liberal Party — Álvarez Retires — Ignacio Comonfort, the Substitute President — His Conciliatory Policy — Difficulties with the Clergy and Military — Seditious Movements — Puebla Campaign — Decrees against the Clergy — Congressional Work Raousset's and Walker's Invasions — Resignation of Álvarez — Dissensions between the Executive and Congress — Estatuto Orgánico Adoption of Liberal Principles	666
CHAPTER XXVII.
CONSTITUTION AND REFORMS.
1856-1857.
Comonfort Suspected — Archbishop La Garza's Course — Ley Lerdo — Comonfort and Congress Reconciled — Constitution of 1857 — Rebellious Clergy — Second Puebla Campaign — More Seditious Acts Negotiations with the Pope Fail — More Suspicions against Comonfort — Political Confusion — Laws Affecting the Clergy — Conservative Manœuvres — Liberal Demands — Comonfort's Vacillation	690
CHAPTER XXVIII.
DOWNFALL OF LIBERAL INSTITUTIONS.
1857-1858.
Conservative Intrigues — Talk of a Coup d'Etat — Spanish Complications — Comonfort's Vacillating Course — Hostility of the Clergy Continues — Congress Installed — Comonfort Avows Liberalism — His Election as Constitutional President — Promises Made and Violated — Plan of Tacubaya — Comonfort Becomes its Chief — Action of Congress Arrest of Juarez and Others — Reactionists Victorious — Comonfort's Overthrow — Civil War in Full Blast — Zuloaga, Reactionary Presi dent — Juarez, Constitutional President — His Narrow Escape from Capture — He Establishes his Government in Vera Cruz	715
CHAPTER XXIX.
STRIFE FOR SUPREMACY.
1858-1859.
President Juarez — His Government at Vera Cruz — War Operations — Zuloaga's Difficulties — His Change of Policy — Echeagaray's Pronunciamiento and Plan — Robles Pezuela's Reformed Plan — Zuloaga Set Aside — Miramon Comes to the Front — Zuloaga Reinstated — Robles Pezuela Retires — Zuloaga Names a Substitute — Miramon as President — His Campaign in Vera Cruz a Failure — Battle of Tacubaya — Constitutionalists' Defeat — A Day of Horrors and its Evil Consequences	738
CHAPTER XXX.
TRIUMPH OF THE CONSTITUTIONALISTS.
1859-1861.
United States Recognition of Juarez — Miramon's Action — Confiscation of Church Property — Interior Campaign of 1859 — Treaties Miramon's Second Expedition to Vera Cruz — United States Armed Intervention — Interior Campaign of 1860 — Miramon's Return to Mexico and Resignation — President Pavon — Miramon's Title to the Presidency — Approach of Constitutionalists — Miramon's Defeat and Escape — Juarez Triumphant Entry into Mexico	765