ELEMENTARY DYNAMICAL PRINCIPLES.
PAGE
Measurement of Quantities . . ... . . .74
The Units of Length, Mass, and Time, and their Derived Units. 76
Measurement of Force.83
Work and Energy.87
Principle of the Conservation of Energy.92
CHAPTER V.
MEASUREMENT OF INTERNAL FORCES AND THEIR EFFECTS.
Longitudinal Pressure and Tension.94
Definition of a Fluid.—Hydrostatic Pressure .... 95
Work done by a Piston on a Fluid.101
Watt’s Indicator and the Indicator Diagram .... 102
Elasticity of a Fluid.. 107
CHAPTER VI.
LINES OF EQUAL TEMPERATURE ON THE INDICATOR
DIAGRAM.
Relation between Volume, Pressure, and Temperature . . 108
Isothermal Lines of a Gas.no
Isothermal Lines of a Vapour in Contact with its Liquid . . 113
Steam Line and Water Line.117
Continuity of the Liquid and Gaseous States.—Experiments of
Cagniard de la Tour and Andrews.118
CHAPTER VII.
ADIABATIC LINES.
Properties of a Substance when heat is prevented from entering or
leaving it.127
The Adiabatic Lines are Steeper than the Isothermals . .130
Diagram showing the Effects of Heat on Water.... 134
CHAPTER VIII.
HEAT ENGINES.
Carnot’s Engine.
Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Carnot’s Function and Thomson’s Absolute Scale of Temperature
Maximum Efficiency of a Heat Engine.
Thermodynamic Scale of Temperature ......
Entropy.
Fictitious Thermal Lines.
CHAPTER IX.
RELATIONS BETWEEN THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF A SUBSTANCE.
Four Thermodynamic Relations.165
The two Modes of Defining Specific Heat . . . .169
The two Modes of Defining Elasticity.171
CHAPTER X.
LATENT HEAT.
Relation between the Latent Heat and the Alteration of the Volume
of the Substance during a Change of State . . . . 173
Lowering of the Freezing Point by Pressure . . . .176
CHAPTER XI.
THERMODYNAMICS OF GASES.
Cooling by Expansion . . ..180
Calculation of the Specific Heat of Air.183
CHAPTER XII.
ON THE INTRINSIC ENERGY OF A SYSTEM OF BODIES.
Intrinsic Energy defined.185
Available Energy.187
Dissipation of Energy.192
Mechanical and Thermal Analogies ..193
Prof. Gibbs* Thermodynamic Model.195
page
138
153
I5S
158
160
162
164CHAPTER XIIL
ON FREE EXPANSION.
PAGE
Theory of a Fluid rushing through a Porous Plug . . . 209
Determination of the Dynamical Equivalent of Heat . . .211
Determination of the Absolute Scale of Temperature . . .213
CHAPTER XIV.
DETERMINATION OF HEIGHTS BY THE BAROMETER.
Principle of the Barometer ....
The Barometer in a Diving Bell
Height of the * Homogeneous Atmosphere *
Height of a Mountain found by the Barometer .
217
218
220
221
CHAPTER XV.
ON THE PROPAGATION OF WAVES OF LONGITUDINAL
DISTURBANCE.
Waves of Permanent Type.223
Velocity of Sound.. 228
CHAPTER XVL
'ON RADIATION.
Definition of Radiation. 230
Interference.234
Different Kinds of Radiation ....... 237
Prevost’s Theory of Exchanges. 240
Rate of Cooling. 246
Effects of Radiation on Thermometers • . . . . 248
CHAPTER XVII.
ON CONVECTION CURRENTS.
PAGE
How they are Produced.250
Joule’s Determination of the Point of Maximum Density of Water 252
CHAPTER XVIII.
ON THE DIFFUSION OF HEAT BY CONDUCTION.
Conduction through a Plate. *253
Different Measures of Conductivity.255
Conduction in a Solid.255
Sketch of Fourier’s Theory.259
Harmonic Distributions of Temperature . . • 263
Steady and Periodic Flow of Heat.265
Determination of the Thermal Conductivity of Bodies . . 268
Applications of the Theory.272
CHAPTER XIX.
ON THE DIFFUSION OF FLUIDS.
Coefficient of Diffusion. *275
Researches of Graham and Loschmidt . • • • *278
CHAPTER XX.
ON CAPILLARITY.
Superficial Energy and Superficial Tension . . • 280
Rise of a Liquid in a Tube ....... 286
Evaporation and Condensation as Affected by Capillarity • • 287
Table of Superficial Tension.292CHAPTER XXL
ON ELASTICITY AND VISCOSITY.
PAGE
Different Kinds of Stress and Strain . . • • • • 2 94
Coefficient of Viscosity 297
CHAPTER XXII.
MOLECULAR THEORY OF THE CONSTITUTION OF BODIES.
Kinetic and Potential Energy. 3 QI
Evidence that Heat is the Kinetic Energy of the Molecules of a
Body. 3 C 3
Kinetic Theory of Gases. 3°7
Deduction of the Laws of Gases. 3 X 5
Equilibrium of a Vertical Column . . • . • • 3 X 9
Diffusion, Viscosity, and Conduction. 3 21
Evaporation and Condensation. . . • • • • 3 2 3
Electrolysis. 3 2 5
Radiation *. 3 2 ^
Limitation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics . . • 3 2 7
The Properties of Molecules 33 °