Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society/Volume 42/Chinese Names of Streets and Places in Singapore and the Malay Peninsula
Chinese Names of Streets and Places in Singapore and the Malay Peninsula.
By H. W. Firmstone.
In two previous Journals lists of the Chinese names of streets in Singapore and in Penang have been published by Mr. Haughton and Lo Man Yuk (XXIII and .)
Mr. Firmstone continues and adds to this work the following Chinese names and translations.
I.—Chinese names of Streets in Singapore.
| English. | Hokkien. | Cantonese. | Chinese Characters. | Remarks as to Meaning. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Albert Street | (i) Bo moaⁿ-iu koi | Mo ma-yau kai | 街油蔴磨 | (i) 'Grind oil of sesamum street': i.e. the street where oil is expressed from Sesamum. |
| ... | (ii) Mang-ku-lu seng-ong-kong. | ... | 公王聖德八望 | (ii) 'Bencoolen joss': i.e. the street of the Bencoolen street district joss. |
| 2. Almeida Street | Gu-chhia-chui hi-hng au. | Ngau-chbe-shui bei-yün hau kai. | 街後園戲水車牛 | 'Behind the Bullock-cart-water theatre' i.e. the street behind the Chinese theatre in Kreta Ayer, (of Smith street and Sago street). |
| 3. Amoy Street | (i) Ma-cho-kiong au | ... | 後宮祖媽 | (i) 'Behind the temple of Ma-cho'. |
| ... | ... | (ii) Kun-yam miu hau kai. | 街後廟音觀 | (ii) 'The street behind the temple of Kun-Yam', (The same temple is used for the worship both of the godddess Ma-cho, and of the goddess Kun-yam.) |
| ... | (iii) Gi-oh khau | ... | 口學義 | (iii) 'Free school mouth' i.e. in front of the Free school, there being a Chinese School in Amoy street. |
| ... | ... | (iv) Ha mun kai | 街門買 | (iv) 'Amoy street'. ('Ha-mun' is the Cantonese pronunciation of the characters representing the name of the place Amoy). |
| 4. Angus Street | Kam-kong Ma-lak-kah neng-chhun hi-hng tui-bin koi, | ... | 街面對園戲春恒呷哋監 | 'Kampong Malacca chop 'Heng Chhun' theatre opposite street' i.e. the street in Kampong Malacca opposite the theatre of chop 'Heng Chhun'.) (Angus street is one of a dozen or more streets in the ...
5. Ann Siang Hill 6. Annamallai Chitty lane. ... 7. Anson Road ... ... Chui-lan teng (i) Tek-kha Khut-thau hang. (ii) Tek-kha tng-tiam tui-bin te-saⁿ-tiau. (i) Lau toa-peh-kong hit-tiau. (ii) Ti ku pa-sat khi Tan-jong Pa-kat hai-kiⁿ hit-tion. ... Sui-lan theng (i) Chuk-keuk kwat-thau hong. (ii) Chuk-keuk tong- pho tui-min tai-sam-thiu. ... ... ... 亭蘭萃 巻頭掘脚竹 條三第面對店當脚竹 條那公伯老 條那墘海葛巴丹去虱巴舊自 Kampong Malacca district and no Chinaman would think of giving the name quoted, but would be content with the indefinite expression 'Kam-kong Ma-lak-kah.' The neighbourhood contains but few Cantonese, and they would use 'Kam-pong Ma-lak-kah.' The 'chui-lan' pavilion'. (There used to be a club on this hill, known by this name). (i) 'The cul-de-sac in 'Tek Kha'.' (Tek Kha' means 'foot of the bamboos' and is the universal name for all the Selegie Road neighbourhood). (ii) 'The third (street) opposite the 'Tek-kha' pawnshop.' (There is a pawnshop in Selegie Road, and opposite it three narrow lanes lead off, viz. Veerappa Chetty lane, Nagapa lane, and this one.) (i) 'Old idol street.' (There is an old temple at Tanjong Pagar.) (ii) 'From the old market going to Tanjong Pagar (along) the shore, that street'. These names are such as may be used by Hokkiens. I can find no Cantonese name. Far a great part of the road. ... 8. Arab Street 9. Armenian Street 10. Bain Court ... 11. Bain Street ... ... (i) Jiau-a koi Seng Po toa chhu au (i) Chui-sien-mng be-liau hang-a lai. ... (i) Hok-im-kuan au koi. (ii) Sek-a-ni le-pai-tng tui-bin hang. ... (ii) Yau-wa kai Seng Po tai ok hau-pin. ... (ii) Shui-sin-mun ma-fong kwat-thau hong. (i) Fuk-yam-kwan hau-kai. ... ... 街亞爪 街華休 後厝大寶成 內仔寮馬門仙水 巷頭掘房馬門仙水 街後舘音福 巷面對堂拜禮仔色 there are no houses and that accounts for the fact that there is no Chinese name as yet crystallised for the road.) 'Javanese street.' (Many Javanese live here, and the Chinese have distinguished them as the chief inhabitants of the street.) 'Behind Song Po's big house.' (Sing Po, i.e. Tan Song Po, a wealthy Chinaman, is now dead.) (i) 'Water-fairy-gate stables lane within.' (ii) 'Water-fairy-gate stables cul-de-sac.' (Bain Court is a lane off North Bridge Road. That part of North Bridge Road is called 'the Water-fairy-gate', why I cannot say, unless it is connected in any way with the fact that there was once a public bath in the vicinity. Douglas' Amoy Dictionary gives 'chui sien mng' 'gangway' but I know of no reason why this part of Singapore should be socalled, (i) 'Street behind the Gospel-house.' (ii) 'Eurasian Church opposite lane.' ((ii) applies also to Holloway Lane). 12. Balestier Road ... ... 13. Bali Lane ... 14. Banda Street 15. Battery Road ... (i) O Kio. ... (iii) Go-cho toa-peh-kong. (i) Sin Ba-li. ... ... (i) Tho-kho au ... ... (ii) Wu-hap thong ... ... (ii) Ma-li hong. Fan-tsai mei. ... (ii) Dho-fu fa-yün pin. 橋烏 塘葉芋 公伯大曹鵝 厘峇新 巷厘馬 尾寨番 後庫土 邊園花庫土 (i) 'Black Bridge.' (ii) 'Taro Pond.' (ii) this name is also given to Delta Road (ii) there are fields planted with this vegetable in the Balestier Road neighbourhood. (iii) 'Rochore Temple.' (i) 'New Bali.' (ii) 'Bali Lane.' (i) New Bali, to distinguish the lane from Shaikh Madaesah Lane or 'Old Bali' adjoining.) End of the foreign brothels. ('Foreign' here means 'frequented by non-Chinese.' There is nothing but a roundabout way of expressing this Street in Hokkien; cf. Spring Street.) (i) 'Behind the godowns.' (ii) 'Beside the garden (near the) godowns. (There is no definite name. A Chinaman would undoubtedly have to go into further detail to distinguish Battery Road from adjoining Streets). 16. Beach Lane. 17. Beach Road. ... ... ... ... ...
Thit pa-sat kwat-thau hang. ... (ii) Kam-pong hoi-pin. (iii) Thit pa-sat hau (iv) Sha-tsui hung-mo thit-chhong tui-min. (v) Man heng mai-kau. (vi) Hoi-nam wui-kwun hoi-pin kai. 巷頭掘虱巴鐵 墘海坡小 邊海傍金 口虱巴鐵 面對廠鐵毛紅嘴沙 郊米興萬 街邊海館會南海 'The iron market cul-de-sac.' (The iron market is the market built of iron, i.e. Clyde Terrace Market). (i) 'Small-town sea shore.' ('Sio-po' is small town' i, e. that part of Singapore to the north of the Stamford Road Canal, as opposed to 'toa-po' or big town, the Singapore river end of the town.) (ii) 'Kampong' sea shore.' (Kampong means Kampong Glam, and is practically the Cantonese equivalent for 'sio-po.') (iii) 'Iron market' i. e. the street to which the iron market opens or faces (see Beach Lane). (iv) Tanjong Rhu European foundry opposite. (This would seem to be a roundabout way of describing Beach Road, and would probably only be used as explanatory of (ii) (but I heard it used). (v) 'Chop 'Ban Heng' rice-mill.' (vi) 'The street along the shore near the Hailam kongsi-house. ... 18. Belilios Road. 19. Bencoolen Street. ... ... 20. Ben Hoon Road (vii) Ji-chap keug Phau-be po hang (i) Chhai-tng au. (ii) Mang-ku-lu toa lo. ... Chin-long lai. (vii) Yi-shap kan. Phau-ma po hong (ii) Chai-thong hau. ... (iii) Mong-kwo-lo. Chau-long roi. 間十二 巷坡馬跑 後堂菜 後堂齋 路大魯久望 路菓芒 內廊酒 (vii) 'Twenty buildings.' (This name is more generally given to Jalan Sultan, but the twenty houses in question were in Beach Road! This is only characteristic.) 'Race Course Lane.' (There is no other name for this and half a dozen other streets leading from Serangoon Road towards the Race Course.) (i) and (ii) Behind the Vegetarians' hall.' (There is a meeting house of Chinese Vegetarian guild here.) (ii) ''Bencoolen' big street.' (iii) 'Bencoolen.' (A number of streets in this neighbourhood are spoken of as 'Bencoolen' by all classes of Chinese. It is usually exceedingly difficult to ascertain which street is meant). 'Within the spirit depôt (district).' (There was formerly a factory of Chinese spirit near where this road now lies. It is disused now. Cf. Cheeng Hong Lim Lane, where there is also a disused spirit-factory.) 21. Bernam Street 22. Bernard Street 23. Birch Road. 24. Blanco Court 25. Boat Quay. Tan-jong pa-kat chin-seng shaⁿ khau. Go-cho lut bo-bue hang. Phau-be po lang Gu-long lai (i) Tiam-pang lo-thau Tan-yong pa-kat chan-seng shan bau. Lo cho lut mo-mei hong. Phau-ma po hong ... ... 口山成振葛巴戎丹 巷尾無律槽鵝 巷坡馬跑 內壠牛 頭路邦墊 'Tanjong Pagar Chin Seng Hill mouth' i.e. the road on to which Chin Seng Hill opens (or faces) at Tanjong Pagar. (ii) Chap-saⁿ kang (iii) Khe-kiⁿ (iv) Chap-peh keng (v) Chui-chhu bue Tuan Kat tho-kho au-bue (i) Lau kha-khu-keng khau. ... (iii) Ho-lan-se le-pai-tng piⁿ (iv) Hai-kiⁿ ang-neo toa-oh piⁿ ... Kam-kong ka-la-bu phau-be po hang (ii) Shap-sam hong ... (iv) Shap-pat kan ... Tun kat tho-fu hau-mei. ... (ii) Kau ka-ku hau (iii) Fat-lan-sai lai-pai-thong pin. ... (v) Tai shü-kwun-fong pin. Phau-ma po hang 行三十 墘溪 間八十 尾厝水 尾後庫土葛級 口間拘脚老 口古架舊 邊堂拜禮西蘭和 邊學大毛紅墘海 邊旁舘書大 巷埔馬跑武勝加公監 (ii) 'Thirteen shops,' i.e. the part near where Canton Street joins it.
(iii) 'River-side.'
(iv) 'Eighteen houses,' i.e. the part near Circular Road.
(v) 'Bathing-house end.' Peh sua-pu (i) Tek-kha kang-a kiⁿ ... (i) Kam-kong Ma-lak-kah kang-a kiⁿ. (ii) Pik-ki-lin au (iii) Kong chioh-a (iv) Pun-so chhia Pa-so bue ... ... (ii) Tek-kha chhung pin. ... (ii) Pak-khi-lun hau (pin kai). ... ... Pa-so mei 浮沙白 墘仔港脚竹 邊涌脚竹 墘仔港甲六馬公監 後麟其畢 仔石貢 車掃糞 尾梭巴 'White-wash' (?) (i) Khai kiⁿ hueⁿ-koi-a. ... (i) Go-cho lut ho-bue hang. ... (i) Hi-kuan koi (ii) Gi-hok koi (i) Hok-im-kuan au hueⁿ-hang. (ii) Ka-seng koi Toa-ong-suaⁿ au koi (i) A-phieu kongsi ... (ii) Shap-sam hong wang kai-tsai. ... (ii) Lo-cho kwat-thau hong. ... (ii) Yi-fuk kai (i) Fuk-yam-kwun hau-pin wang-hong. ... Tai-wong-shan hau kai. ... 仔街橫墘溪 仔街橫行三十 巷尾無律槽鵝 巷頭掘槽鵝 街舘戲 街福義 巷橫後舘音福 街興嘉 街後山王大 司公片鴉 (i) & (ii) 'Small cross street by Boat Quay.'
...
(i) & (ii) 'Cul-de-sac near Rochore (Road).' ... (iii) Lau pa-sat ma-ta-chhu au. Kong chioh-a chiu-long lai. Peh keng-a Kong chioh-a chiu-long lai. Chiu-long piⁿ Gu-kak hang. (ii) Si-shü kai ... Chau-long noi ... Chau-long noi Chau-long pin Ngau-kok hong ... 街書詩 後厝打馬虱吧老 內廊酒仔石貢 仔間八 內廊酒仔石貢 邊廊酒 巷角牛 has been in this street for the past 212 years.)
(ii) Phonetic (Si-shü for Cecil.)
(iii) 'Behind the Police Station near the old market.'
'Stone-breaking spirit-depôt within' i.e. 'within spirit-depôt (quarter) in the Havelock Road neighbourhood.' ... (i) Kiau-keng khau ... (iii) Gi-hin kong-si Tau-hu koi (i) Toa-po sim koi-a ... (iii) Sin pa-sat sin koi ... ... (ii) Po-tsz-chheung kai ... Tau-fu kai ... (ii) Chhiu-chau san kai. ... ... 口間賭 街場字寶 司公興義 街腐荳 仔街新城大 街新州潮 街新虱巴新 again to Tanjong Pagar Road, forming a cresent or pair of ox-horns.
(i) 'Gambling houses' mouth. i.e. the street on to which the gambling houses open.
(ii) 'Gambling-hall street.'
(iii) 'Gi-Hin Kongsi house.' (i) Kong chioh-a chiu-long lai. (ii) Chin-sui koi (iii) Siok- ui suaⁿ teng. Siok-ui suaⁿ teng Go-tai thien kiong (i) Chap-saⁿ hang au (ii) Chap-peh keng au. (i) Gi-hok kong-si au Chau-long noi Chan-sui kai ... ... Ng-toi thin kong (i) Shap-sam hong hau. (ii) Shap-pat kan hau. ... (ii) San yi-fuk kong-si hau-pin 內廊酒仔石貢 街瑞振 頂山惠淑 頂山惠淑 宮天代五 後行三十 後間八十 後司公福義 便後司公福義新 (i) (See under Cheang Hong Lim Lane).
(ii) (This is an adaptation, meaning simply Chin-swee Road—it is not commonly used excpt by Babas.)
(ii) 'Siok Wee's plantation.' Kam-kong ka-poh (i) Toa-mng lai (ii) Chui-lan teng Thih pa-sat ma-ta-chhu tui-bin hang. Uaⁿ-tiam khau (i) Chin-seng chhu-piⁿ ... (iii) Hiok-ni sin chhu au. (i) Tho-kho au ... Kam-kong ka-pok (i) Tai-mun noi (ii) Sui-lan theng Thit pa-sat ma-ta-liu bui-min hong. Wun-tim hau. ... (ii) Chan-seng tai-ok fong pin ... ... (ii) Tho-fu hau hoi pin 薄加公監 內門大 亭蘭萃 巷面對厝打嗎虱巴鐵 口店碗 邊厝成振 邊旁屋大成振 後厝新尼最 後庫土 邊海後庫土 'Kampong Kapor'. (iii) Ang-teng lo-thau (i) Tho-kho khau ... (iii) Hue-bng kak Chiu-long lai (i) Gu-chhia-chui kia (ii) Ka-lek lut ... (i) Go-cho bue (ii) Go-cho pa-sat (i) Kit-ling-a koi ... ... ... (ii) Tho-fu fa-yün pin. ... Chau-long noi ... ... (iii) San yiong tai uk pin (i) Lo-cho mei (ii) Lo-cho pa-sat ... (ii) Hoi-san kai ha kai 頭路燈紅 口庫土 邊園花庫土 ... 內廊酒 崎水車牛 律力加 ... 尾槽鵝 虱巴槽鵝 街仔靈吉 街下街山海 (iii) 'Red lamp landing place' i.e. Johnston's pier.
(i) 'Mouth of the godowns.'
(ii) 'Beside the godowns' flower-garden.'
(iii) 'Flower-garden square.' Kam-kong ma-lak kah hi-hng koi (i) Tho-kho le-long-kwan (ii) Hiap Hoat koi (i) Ong-ke sua-kah be-liau piⁿ (ii) Ong-ke suaⁿ-kha Kong-pan-ge phah chioh O kio Lam-in-tang tho-kho kak-thau Kam-kong ka-poh Kam-pong ma-lak-kah hei-yün kai (i) Tho-fu ham-lang kwun (ii) Hip fat kai (i) Wong-ka shan-keuk ma-fong pin ... Wu khiu Lam-yin-thung tho-fu kok-thau Kam-pong ka-pok 街園戲甲六馬公監 舘攏黎庫土 街發協 邊寮馬脚山家王 石打衙班公脚山家王 橋烏 頭角庫土筒烟藍 薄加公監 'Kampong Malacca theatre street.' Kam-kong ka-poh hueⁿ (or toa) koi (i) Gu-chhia-chui kia (ii) Tok-sun lut (iii) Kam-kong-a lai Sin pa-sat piⁿ Chin-seng suaⁿ khau (i) Toa-kok cheng chhau-po Go-cho lut bo-bue hang Lo-ma pan-jiang hang Kam pong ka-pok wang (or tai) kai ... (ii) Tak-sun lut ... San pa-sat pin Chan-seng shan hau ... Lo-cho lut mo-mei hong Lo-ma pan-yang hong 街大或街橫薄加公監 崎水車牛 律順德 內仔公監 邊虱巴新 口山成振 巷尾無律槽梧 巷讓班碼路 'Kampong Kapor Cross (or big) street.' |
| Municipal Office | Kang-po-kek | Kung-po-kuk | 局部工 | ‘Board of works' office.' |
| Police Office | Toa-kau-thau-e ge-mng | Tai kang-thau nga-mun | 門衙之頭狗大 | ’Chief big dog's office or Chief Inspector's office.' (Pelice officers are apparently all 'dogs', for all those above the rank of Sergeant are called 'big dogs'; the Cantonese use another idiom: 'foreman', the same word as is used in speaking of an overseer or mandore.) |
| Post Office | (i)Phue kuan | ... | 舘批 | (i) 'Letteroffice.' |
| ... | ... | (ii) Tai shü-sun kwun | 舘信書大 | (ii) 'Big letter-office.' |
| Singapore Railway Station | Hue-chhia thau | Fo-chhe thau | 頭車火 | 'Fire-carriage head.' |
| Supreme Court | Toa kok | Tai kot | 咯大 | 'Big Court.' ('Kok' or 'Kot' is not Chinese, but an imitation of 'Court'.) |
| Tan Tok Seng's Hospital | (i) Nam-seng hue-hng piⁿ | ... | 邊園花生南 | (i) 'Beside Nam Seng flower garden.' (Nam Seng was the chop of the Chinaman known to Europeans in Singapore as as Whampoa, i.e. Mr. Ho ah Kee C. M. G., former owner of the property known as Bendemeer on Serangoon Road.) |
| ... | (ii) Thiaⁿ-kha keng | ... | 間脚痛 | (ii) 'Sore feet (or legs) building.' |
| ... | ... | (iii) Lan-keuk kwun | 舘脚爛 | (iii) 'Broken leg office.' |
II. Chinese names of country districts in Singapore Island, and the Vicinity.
| English. | Hokkien. | Cantonese. | Chinese Characters. | Remarks as to Meaning. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Alexandra Road | (i) Chui-bo lai | ... | 內磨水 | 'Within the water (rice) mill.' |
| ... | (ii) Lau-chi kha | ... | 脚子嗎 | 'Foot of the sirih' i.e. 'near the Sirih gardens.' |
| ... | (iii) Sang khau tiaⁿ | ... | 鼎口雙 | 'Two boiling pans'—the 'tiaⁿ' is the pan used for boiling gambier—the planters in the Alexandra Road district used two pans instead of one. I suppose there was some difference in the preparation of the gambier. |
| 2. Balestier Road | (i) Go-cho toa-peh-kong | ... | 公伯大槽鵝 | 'Rochore Temple.' |
| ... | (ii) O-kio | ... | 橋島 | 'Black Bridge.' |
| ... | ... | (iii) Wu-hap thong | 塘葉芋 | 'Taro pond.' |
| 3. The Barracks (Tanglin) | Tang-leng peng-pang | Tung-leng peng-fong | 房兵陵東 | 'Tanglin Soldier's rooms.' |
| 4. Bedoh | But-lok | ... | 洛勿 | ... |
| 5. Blakang Mati | Gia-kang ma-ti | ... | 池子荖意 | ... |
| 6. Botanical Gardens | (i) Ang-mo hue-hng | ... | 園花毛紅 | (i) 'European flower-garden.' |
| ... | ... | (ii) Wong-ka fa-yün | 園花家王 | (ii) 'Government flower-garden.' |
| 7. Bukit Timah | Be-chhia lo-bue | ... | 尾路車馬 | 'End of the horse-earriage road.' |
| 8. Chancery Lane | Sang-chiau | ... | 雀雙 | 'Two birds,' referring to the eagles on the gateway of the drive leading to |
| ... | ... | ... | ... | Mohamed Alsagoff's house at the Thomson Road end of Chancery Lane. |
| 9. Changi | Chiang-gi | ... | 宜章 | ... |
| 10. Chua Chu kang | (i) Chua-chu kang | ... | 港厝蔡 | 'Chua-chu creek' |
| ... | (ii) Kang-kiaⁿ | ... | 仔港 | 'Little creek.' |
| 11. Fort Canning Hill | Ong-ke suaⁿ | Wong-ka shan | 山家王 | 'Government Hill,' as it formerly was. |
| 12. Government Hill | (i) Toa-ong suaⁿ | ... | 山王大 | (i) & (ii) 'Governor's Hill,' |
| ... | ... | (ii) Peng-thau shan | 山頭兵 | ... |
| 13. Holland Road | Hue-hng au | ... | 後園花 | 'Behind the flower-garden.' |
| 14. Jurong | Yu-long | ... | 廊油 | ... |
| 15. Kampong Bharu | (i) Sin kam-kong | San kam-pong | 公監新 | (i) 'New Kampong.' |
| ... | (ii) Sin suaⁿ | ... | 山新 | (ii) 'New hill or plantation.' |
| 16. Keppel Harbour | Sit-lat mng | Shek-lat mun | 門叻寔 | 'Singapore gate.' |
| ... | ... | Chha-tin ma-thau | 頭碼甸渣 | 'Jardine's wharf' i.e. the Borneo wharf.' |
| 17. Kranji | Ka-lan-ji | ... | 宜蘭加 | ... |
| 18. Mandi | Man-li | ... | 唎萬 | ... |
| 19. Morai | Meng-sun kang | ... | 港順明 | 'Meng-sun creek.' |
| 20. Pandan Besar | Toa pan lan | Tai pan-lan | 蘭班大 | ... |
| 21. Pandan kechil | Sio pan lan | Siu pan-lan | 蘭班小 | ... |
| 22. Pasir Panjang | Hong-heng suaⁿ | ... | 山興豐 | 'Hong Heng's plantation.' |
| 23. Ponggol | Phong-hut | ... | 佛帮 | ... |
| 24. Pulau Brani | ... | San chü-shek tui-min | 面對錫煮新 | 'Opposite the new tin smelting.' |
| ... | ... | Chha-tin ma-thau tui-min | 面對頭碼甸渣 | 'Opposite Jardine's jetty.' |
| 25. Pulau Obin | Chioh-suaⁿ | ... | 山石 | 'Stone hill.' |
| 26. Pulau Tekong | Ti-kong | ... | 公地 | ... |
| 27. Selitar | Chan-chu kang | ... | 港厝會 | 'Chan-chu creek.' |
| 28. Serangoon | Au-kang | ... | 港後 | 'Back creek.' |
| 29. Serimbun | Bu-kho kang | ... | 港可武 | 'Bu-kho creek.' |
| 30. Siglap | Ci-lap | ... | 凹義 | ... |
| 31. Tanjong Gol | Tanjong gu-thau | ... | 頭牛戎丹 | ... |
| 32. Tanjong Katong | Ka-tong | ... | 冬加 | ... |
| 33. Tanjong Rhu | (i) Tan-jiong gu | ... | 牛戎丹 | ... |
| ... | ... | (ii) Sha-tsui | 嘴沙 | (ii) 'Sand spit.' |
| 34. Teluk Blanga | Sit-lat mng | Sai pak mun | 門北西 | cf. 'Keppel Harbour':—Sai-pak mun means 'north-west gate.' |
| 35. Thomson Road Reservoir | (i) Chui-tham thau | ... | 頭氹水 | (i) 'Water pond head.' |
| ... | ... | (ii) Tai shui thong | 塘水大 | (ii) 'Big water lake.' |
| 36. Tiong Bharu | O-chhai hing | ... | 園菜芋 | 'Taro vegetable garden.' |
| 37. Ulu Pandan | Sang-leng | ... | 嶺雙 | 'Two hills.' |
| 38. Wayang Satu | Toa pa-io | ... | 窰吧大 | 'Big swamp.' Pa-io is the Malay word 'paya' swamp. |
| III. Chinese names of Streets and Districts in Malacca | ||||
| 1. Bandar Hilir | Ban-i-bit | Yi-bit | 萬怡蜜 | ... |
| 2. Bandar Kaba | (i) Ban-la ka-ba | ... | 萬遮加峇 | ... |
| ... | ... | (ii) Khau-chheung kai | 球塲街 | ii) "Khau" means 'ball' and "chheung" means 'area' or 'open space' and the name is given because the cricket-ground adjoins the street. |
| 3. Blacksmith Street | Kap-pan koi | Kap-pan kai | 甲板街 | It is not clear why the name “Kap-pan street" should be given unless "Kap-pan-kai" is a corruption of or substitute for "Kap-ma kai" which would mean "box street." There are number of box-makers' shops in the street. |
| 4. Bukit China | Sam-po chiⁿ | Sam-pau cheng | 三寶井 | 'Sampo's wells.' (There are wells at the foot of Bukit China and the name of "Sampo's well" is is given to them, because there is a legend, in which the Chinese believe, that a Eunuch of the Ming Dynasty visited Malacca and dug these wells. Similarly the old Fort is called "Sam-po-kong Siaⁿ, 'the fort of Sam-po,' and there are various other names locally connected with the legend of Sam-po's visit.) |
| 5. Bunga Raya | Bong-ga la-ia | Mong-nga la-ye | 望雅嘮耶 | ... |
| 6. 1st Cross Street | (i) Kit-ling-a koi | (i) Kat-leng kai | 吉寧仔街 | (i) 'Kling Street." (The chetties and Kling cloth-shop-keepers live at the northern end of the street.) |
| ... | ... | (ii) Pat-chi-lan | 八枝蘭 | (ii) 'Eight mansions.' (Chi-lan is the name of a flower and 'chi-lan chi shat' means according to Eitel "mansion of brightness and virtue," apparently a complimentary expression. The reason why this name was given is lost in obscurity.) |
| ... | (iii) Poh-bian | ... | 泊𭰫 | (iii) This name is given to the part near near the landing-place. It is the Malay 'pabeyan' or 'pebiyan' a 'customs-house' or 'wharf' (see Wilkinson's Malay Dictionary.) |
| 7. 2nd Cross Street | (i) Ku pa-sat | (i) Kau pa-sat | 舊巴虱 | (i) 'Old market.' |
| ... | (ii) Kiau-keng khau | ... | 賭問口 | (ii) 'Gambling-house mouth.' |
| 8. 3rd Cross Street | Hai san kongsi koi | Hai san kong sz kai | 海山公司街 | 'The Haisan kongsi street.' (The kongsi house of this society once stood in this street) |
| 9. 4th Cross Street | Chui-sien mng | Shui-sin mun | 水仙門 | 'Water-fairy gate.' So called, it is said, because there was once a public bathing place here: cf. north Bridge Road, Singapore. One can only grope at the reason why a public bathing place should be called a "water fairy gate." It is a delightful name anyhow.) |
| 10. Goldsmith Street | (i) Kam-kong ke-tek | ... | 甘光家德 | (i) 'Kampong Ketek.' (This is the Malay name.) |
| ... | (ii) Kuan-im-teng koi | (ii) Kun-yam teng kai | 觀音亭街 | (ii) 'Street of the goddess Kuan-im's temple.' (This is the common Chinese name for the street derived from the large temple in the street.) |
| 11. Heeren Street | (i) Ho lan koi | Ho-lam kai | 荷蘭街 | (i) 'Dutch street.' (There were Dutch residences here in the old days.) |
| ... | (ii) Po siah koi | ... | 寶錫街 | (ii) 'Precious metal street.' (This name is not common and I cannot explain the meaning.) |
| 12. Java Lane | (i) Ma-kau koi | ... | 馬交街 | (i) 'Ma-kau street.' (So called because the Cantonese prostitutes live in the street; cf. Hongkong street, Singapore.) |
| ... | (ii) Sin koi | (ii) San kai | 新街 | (ii) 'New Street.' (It is a remarkable coincidence that Campbell street, Penang, Fraser street, Singapore and Java lane, Malacca,—all streets connected largely with houses of ill fame—are all known to Chinese as 'new street.") |
| 13. Jonker Street | Koi tioⁿ koi | Kai chuen kai | 圭場街 | (i) Cock-pit street.' (So called because a cockpit 'glangang' used to exist here.) |
| 14. Kampong Pantai | Kam-kong pan-tai | Pan-tai | 甘光班底 | 'Kampong Pantei,' i.e., the village on the shore. (The Chinese have simply adopted the local name. The name is also applied to the adjoining ends of 2nd and 4th Cross streets.) |
| 15. Klebang Besar | Kit-lai-bong but sat | Sai kat-leng-wang | 吉黎夢勿殺 | (The Hokkiens use transliterations of the Malay name, but the Cantonese translate into 'Big' and 'Little' Klebang. |
| 16. Klebang Kechil | Kit-lai-bong kit-chik | Tai kat-leng-wang | 吉黎夢吉疾 | ... |
| 17. Kubu Road | Ku-bu kak | Ku-wu kai | 龜務角 | 'Kubu corner.' 'Kubu street.' |
| 18. Mill Road | (i) Si-pai po | ... | 四牌埔 | (i) 'Sepoys' plain.' (The sepoys' barracks were formerly in this street.) |
| ... | (ii) Sin pa-sat | (ii) San pa-sat | 新巴虱 | (ii) 'New market.' (The new Municipal market is close by.) |
| ... | (iii) Sa-kak po | ... | 三角埔 | (iii) 'Three-cornered plain.' (There is a triangular bit of land here used as a vehicle-stand) |
| 19. Riverside | (i) Ho-lan chhiu kha | ... | 荷蘭樹脚 | (i) 'Foot of the Dutch trees.' (The Dutch trees are the 'sena' trees which were probably introduced by Dutch.) |
| ... | ... | (ii) Tai-chung kai | 大鐘街 | (ii) 'Big bell street.' (This refers to the clock tower.) |
| ... | (iii) Pa-sat khau | ... | 巴虱口 | (iii) 'Market-mouth.' (Riverside is a long street and has various names in various parts. This name is given to that part near the fish-market.) |
| ... | (iv) Sin koi au | (iv) San kai hau pin. | 新街後 | (iv) 'Behind Java Lane.' |
| 20. Trangkerah | Tang koi lak | Tong kai la | 東街蚋 | ... |
IV. List of towns and villages in Negri Sembilan.
| English. | Chinese. | Characters. | Remarks. |
|---|---|---|---|
| District of Seremban. | ... | ... | |
| 1. Ampangan | Tan-yung | 旦容 | ... |
| 2. Batang Benar | Pa-tang man-long | 吧燈文浪 | ... |
| 3. Batang Labu | Ma-tang la-wu | 傌燈嗱鳥 | ... |
| 4. Binjei | Min-ye | 綿爺 | ... |
| 5. Broga | Wu-leng-ngau | 湖靈眼 | ... |
| 6. Bukit Putus | Bu-kit Phu-tok | 武吉浮禿 | ... |
| 7. Bukit Tangga | Bu-kit tang-nga | 武吉東雅 | ... |
| 8. Bukit Jelotong | Bu-kit yü-lo-tong | 武吉魚羅東 | ... |
| 9. Chedang | Chin-tang | 珍燈 | ... |
| 10. Gadut | Kwa-tu | 瓜都 | ... |
| 11. Gebok | Ngai-mok | 蟻莫 | ... |
| 12. Gedang Lalang | Su-mau piang | 蘇茅坪 | ... |
| 13. Klambu | Ka-lam-bu | 架林武 | ... |
| 14. Kuala Sawah | Kwa la sa-wa | 掛嗱沙華 | ... |
| 15. Kuala Parit | Kwa-la ma-ngit | 掛嗱馬熱 | ... |
| 16. Lenggeng | Song-po | 宋波 | ... |
| 17. Liat | Fo-che thau | 火車頭 | ... |
| 18. Limbok | Lian-mok | 連莫 | ... |
| 19. Linsum | Leng-sam | 羚森 | ... |
| 20. Lobak | Lo-mak | 羅脉 | ... |
| 21. Mantin | San sa-tu | 新沙都 | ... |
| 22. Membah | Man-ma | 萬峇 | ... |
| 23. Merabah | Mit-ya-ma | 物也峇 | ... |
| 24. Nendol | Mit-tu | 蜜都 | ... |
| 25. Pantai | Pan-tei | 板低 | ... |
| 26. Paroi | Pa-mi | 傌尾 | ... |
| 27. Pengkalan Kempas | Leng-gi kong-hau | 鄰宜港口 | ... |
| 28. Perhentian Tinggi | Ship-thiu shak | 十條石 | ... |
| 29. Permatang Pasir | Pa-ma-tang pa-sia | 巴嗎燈巴賒 | ... |
| 30. Rahang | Thin-khau mi | 田溝尾 | ... |
| 31. Rantau | An-tau | 晏斗 | ... |
| 32. Rasak | Ah-sa | 亞沙 | ... |
| 33. Senaweng | Lok thiu shak | 六條石 | ... |
| 34. Seremban | (i) Sai-lam-ban | 西林閩 | ... |
| ... | (ii) Fu-yong | 芙蓉 | ... |
| 35. Setul | Lo-sa-tu | 老沙都 | ... |
| 36. Sikamat | Sio kam-mit | 小甘蜜 | ... |
| 37. Siliau | Sai-liau | 西料 | ... |
| 38. Sungei Pajam | Kong sang san-kai-cheong | 廣生新街場 | ... |
| 30. Sungei Raia | Sin-kai la-ya | 新街嗱也 | ... |
| 40. Tampin Ling-gi | Tam-pin leng-gi | 淡邊鄰宜 | ... |
| 41. Tanjong Ipoh | Tan-yong I-po | 丹蓉億波 | ... |
| 42. Temiang | Chan-yong-thau | 沉香肚 | ... |
| 43. Terachi | Ti-la-chi | 地嗱知 | ... |
| 44. Ulu Bernang | Bu-lau | 武盧 | ... |
| District of Kwala Pileh. | ... | ... | |
| 1. Batang Jelai | Pa-tang ya-nai | 巴登也乃 | ... |
| 2. Batu Bersawa | Pa-tu bet-sa-wa | 巴都勿沙華 | ... |
| 3. Belombong | Man-long-wong | 文隆黃 | ... |
| 4. Beting | Mit-ting | 蜜丁 | ... |
| 5. Bukit Limpit | Tai-pak-kong san | 大伯公山 | ... |
| 6. Johol | Yu-ho | 由河 | ... |
| 7. Juaseh | Yen-ah-sia | 源亞賒 | ... |
| 8. Junapoh | Yu-ma-po | 由麻坡 | ... |
| 9. Kumoi | Ku-moi | 咕每 | ... |
| 10. Kwala Gautam | Kwa-la ngan-tam | 掛嗱眼擔 | ... |
| 11. Kwala Jempol | Kwa-la cham-bu | 掛嗱占武 | ... |
| 12. Kwala Pilah | Pei-la | 吡嗱 | ... |
| 13. Langkah | Lang-kap | 浪鴿 | ... |
| 14. Pasoh | Pa-sia | 吧賒 | ... |
| 15. Plangai | Bu-lo-ngai | 武羅蟻 | ... |
| 16. Prigi Jerneh | Pi-lei-ngi | 吡哩宜 | ... |
| 17. Rengo | Leng-ngo | 羚莪 | ... |
| 18. Rompin | Lam-pin | 林邊 | ... |
| 19. Saki | Sa-ki | 沙幾 | ... |
| 20. Selaroo | Sa-la-lo | 沙嗱羅 | ... |
| 21. Senalin | Chin-chi-len | 陳致連 | ... |
| 22. Serting | Si-lo teng | 四羅丁 | ... |
| 23. Tebing Tinggi | Thung-pin teng-ngi | 同邊丁宜 | ... |
| 21. Terentang | Ti-lan-tang | 地蘭登 | ... |
| 25. Ulu Jelai | Wu-lu ya-nai | 鳥路也乃 | ... |
| 26. Ulu Muar | Wulu cham-ma | 鳥路占馬 | ... |
| District of Tampin. | ... | ... | |
| 1. Ayer Kuning | Ah-ek ku-lin | 亞益咕連 | ... |
| 2. Batang Malaka | Pa-tang ma-lak-kah | 把登嗎𠯿呷 | ... |
| 3. Bongek | Mong-yit | 望熱 | ... |
| 4. Chenong | Chin-long | 賤籠 | ... |
| 5. Chindras | Chin-ya-la | 賤也嗱 | ... |
| 6. Gemencheh | Nga-man-che | 雅文姐 | ... |
| 7. Jeram | Yit-lam | 熱林 | ... |
| 8. Kampong Batu | Kam-pong Pa-tu | 金榜把都 | ... |
| 9. Kendong | Kan-tung | 根洞 | ... |
| 10. Keru | Ka-lu | 加路 | ... |
| 11. Kuala Gemas | Kua-la kam-bu | 掛嗱禁武 | ... |
| 12. Kundor | Kin-chung | 見鐘 | ... |
| 13. Linggi | Lin-ngi | 鄰宜 | ... |
| 14. Lobok China | Lo-mok chin-na | 羅莫賤嗱 | ... |
| 15. Makunyit | Ma-ku-yit | 嗎古熱 | ... |
| 16. Mantai | Man-thai | 文梯 | ... |
| 17. Pedas | Mun-ta | 門咑 | ... |
| 18. Pengkalan Durian | Peng-ka-lan lo-lin | 兵架蘭老連 | ... |
| 19. Prigi Terentang | Pi-la ti-lan-tang | 吡嗱地蘭登 | ... |
| 20. Rembau | Lam-mau | 林茂 | ... |
| 21. Repah | Lam-pa | 林把 | ... |
| 22. Salak Aamah | Sa-lat lo-pak | 沙叻羅白 | ... |
| 23. Sompang Linggi | Seng-pang lin-ngi | 性邦鄰宜 | ... |
| 24. Tampin | Tam-pin | 淡邊 | ... |
| 25. Tebong | To-bong | 多黃 | ... |
| 26. Tanjong Kling | Tan-yong kat-leng | 丹蓉吉寧 | ... |
| District of Port Dickson. | ... | ... | |
| 1. Arang Arang | Ah-lang ah-lang | 亞冷亞冷 | ... |
| 2. Bagan Pinang | Ma-ngan mi-neng | 嗎銀味寧 | ... |
| 3. Chuah | Chho-nga | 初雅 | ... |
| 4. Jimah | Ye-mok | 夜莫 | ... |
| 5, Kwala Lukut | Chi-wo kong-hau | 致和港口 | ... |
| 6. Labuan Belik | La-pan mi-leh | 嗱班咪叻 | ... |
| 7. Lukut | Lu-kwat | 路骨 | ... |
| 8. Pasir Panjang | Pu-sia pan-yeng | 把賒板影 | ... |
| 9. Port Dickson | Po-tak-sun | 波德伸 | ... |
| ... | Pu-lo a-lang | 布羅亞冷 | ... |
| 10. Pulau Babi | Pu-lo ma-mi | 布羅馬味 | ... |
| 11. Pulau Bajudi | Bu-lo bu-chi-ti | 無羅武致支 | ... |
| 12. Semdayan.. | Chin-ta-yin | 賤打煙 | ... |
| 13. Sempang | Si-pong | 四邦 | ... |
| 14. Siginting | Si-ngan-teng | 四銀丁 | ... |
| 15. Si Rusa | Si lo-sa | 四路沙 | ... |
| 16. Tanah Merah | Chi-wo kong | 致和港 | ... |
| 17. Tanjong Cemok | Tan-yong ye-mok | 丹蓉夜莫 | ... |
| 18. Telok Kemong | To-lo kam-pong | 哆羅金邦 | ... |
| District of Jelebu. | ... | ... | |
| 1. Gunong Hantu | Khu-tung an-tu | 古洞晏都 | ... |
| 2. Jelebu | Ngi-lok-wu | 宜𠯿胡 | ... |
| 3. Jerang | Yi-lang | 魚冷 | ... |
| 4. Kenaboi | Kha-la-moi | 咖嗱美 | ... |
| 5. Kongoi | Kong-ngo | 江莪 | ... |
| 6. Kwala Klawang | Hung-mo-lau | 紅毛樓 | ... |
| 7. Peradong | Pa-tung | 吧洞 | ... |
| 8. Pertang | Bu-lo-tang | 武羅燈 | ... |
| 9. Semada | Seng kah lo-nga | 星架麗雅 | ... |
| 10. Sungei Kepong | Chim-ma-la | 占馬嗱 | ... |
| 11. Titi | Ti-chi kong | 地支港 | ... |
| 12. Titi Petalling | Ti-chi ku-ta-lin | 地支古打鄰 | ... |
V. Chinese names of places in Pahang.
| English. | Hokkien. | Cantonese. | Chinese Characters. | Remarks as to Meaning. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Atok | A-tok | A-tuk | 亞篤 | ... |
| 2. Batu Talam | Ba-tu ta-lam | Ma-to ta-lam | 峇都藍打 | ... |
| 3. Batu Yon | Ha-tu yan | Wa-to yin | 華都燕 | ... |
| 4. Bentong | Bun-tong | Man-tung | 文冬 | Also known as "Wun-tong." |
| 5. Budu | Kwu-lu | Wu-lu | 湖盧 | ... |
| 6. Bukit Fraser | Peh-chhiu kang | Pak-su kong | 白鬚港 | 'White beard's mining land' (so called after Mr. Fraser the original proprietor of the concession now worked by the Sempam Mining Company. Mr. Fraser had a long white beard). |
| 7. Bukit itam | Bu-kit i-tam | ... | 武吉逸淡 | The Hokkiens use the Malay name, but the Cantonese call this place as well as Bukit Koman 'Shim-pan' or 'Shim-pan kim wo' the Sempam underground mine. The Sempam river makes a loop in the direction of these places, though it is about two miles off at the nearest point. |
| ... | ... | Shim-pan | 暹板 | ... |
| 8. Bukit Koman | Bu-kit ko-ban | ... | 武吉高閩 | ... |
| ... | ... | Shim-pan | 暹板 | (See under Bukit Itam above.) |
| 9. Bukit Telagu | Jih-si tiu | Ya-sz pei | 廿四碑 | 'Twenty four stones' i.e. 24 miles from Kwala Kubu on the old bridle path. It is 29 miles distant by the new trunk road. |
| 10. Burau | Mo-lai or Po-lai | Po-lai | 布瓈 | ... |
| 11 Chamang | Sam-meng | Sham-mang | 岑孟 | ... |
| 12 Cheka | Chek-kau | Chek-ko | 卽高 | ... |
| 13 Durian Sa batang | Liu-lian si-ba-tang | Lau-lin sz-ma-tang | 流連四答登 | ... |
| 14 Gali | Ga-li | Nga-lei | 牙利 | ... |
| 15 The Gap | Jih-it tiau | ... | 廿一條 | 'Twenty one mile stones' i.e., from Kwala Kubu. |
| ... | ... | Fan shui au | 分水凹 | The Cantonese name means. |
| 16 Goa | Go | Ngo | 鵝 | ... |
| 17 Kechau | Kit-chhiu | Kat-chhau | 吉洲 | ... |
| 18 Kelola | Kia-lo-la. | Kei-lo-la | 寄羅鐳 | The character for the third syllable is 'lui' not 'la'. |
| 19 Kuala Lipis | Lip-pi | Lip-pei | 立卑 | ... |
| 20 Kuala Medang | Kua-la mian-teng | Kua-la min-teng | 哇拉免丁 | ... |
| 21 Kuala Tembeling | Kua-la tan-bi-ling | Kua-la tün-pok-lin | 哇拉叚卜連 | The characters do not represent the Hokkien sounds. |
| 22 Kuantan | Kuan-tan | Kwan-tan | 關丹 | ... |
| 23 Panggong | Mang-kang | Phang-kong | 崩江 | ... |
| 24 Pedah | Mun-ta | Man-ta | 問打 | ... |
| 25 Pekan | Peh-kan | Pak-kan | 北根 | ... |
| 26 Perting | Po-li-teng | Po-lei-teng | 波匣頂 | The name refers to the district where the Perting River joins the Bentong River and especially to the mine owned by the Tong Shun Kongsi. |
| 27 Pulau Tawar | Phu-lo ta-koa | Fu-lo ta-wa | 湖盧打哇 | ... |
| 28 Raub | Lah-ut | Lah-wut | 朥活 | ... |
| 29 Sega | Su-ga | Sz-nga | 士牙 | ... |
| 30 Selensing | Su-leng-seng | Sz-ling-seng | 士零星 | ... |
| 31 Semantan | Su-mian-tan | Sz-man-tan | 士免丹 | Semantan Ulu though a different place is similarly named. |
| 32 Sempam | Sim-pan | Shim-pan | 蟾賓 | The Chinese name is used for all that part of the district on the Sempam river between the lower part of Mr. Fraser's concession and the point where it flows into the River Semantan Ulu. |
| 33 Sepan | Chioh-pan | Shak-pan | 石班 | ... |
| 34 Sungei Lembing | Lim-beng | Lam-meng | 林明 | ... |
| 35 Tanjong Besar | Tan-yong | Tan-yung mut-sat | 丹容抹殺 | ... |
| 36 Tanom | Tan-lim | Tan-lam | 丹林 | ... |
| 37 Tebing Tinggi | Ti-peng | Tei-peng | 地冰 | ... |
| 38 Telang | Tok-leng | Tuk-lung | 獨龍 | ... |
| 39 Tembeling | Tan-bi-ling | Tün-puk-lin | 叚卜連 | The characters do not represent the Hokkien sounds. |
| 40 Tranum | Bun-tong-khau | Man-tung hau | 文冬口 | 'Bentong mouth.' |
| 41 Tras | To-lai | To-lai | 都孻 | ... |
| 42 Tui | Tui | Tui | 堆 | The character in Cantonese is pronounced 'thui'. |
| 43 Ulu Dong | Long | Lung | 隆 | ... |
| 44 Ulu Jelai | O-lo jit-lai | Wu-lo yat-lai | 湖盧日黎 | ... |
| 45 Ulu Tembeling | O-lo tan-bi-ling | Wu-lo tün-puk-lin | 湖盧叚卜連 | See under Tembeling above, |
VI Chinese names of places in Perak.
| English. | Chinese. | Characters. | Remarks. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bagan Serai | Ma-ngan sek-hoi | 馬登色海 | The name is phonetic. The Tiechius call it 'Ma-tang sek-hai.' |
| Batu Gajah | Wa-tu nga-ye | 華都呀爺 | ... |
| Bidor | Mi-lo | 美羅 | ... |
| Chemor | Chü-mo | 朱毛 | ... |
| Chenderiang | Chek-ngo-yeng | 積莪營 | ... |
| Enggor | Leng-lo | 玲羅 | ... |
| Gopeng | Mo-pin | 毛邊 | ... |
| Guntong | Sz-wui-kai | 四會街 | i.e. the street or place where people from the Sz-wui district of the Kwangtung province live. Similarly Macao is called O-mun kai; and I have heard Taipeng called Thai-peng kai by new arrivals. |
| Ipoh | Pa-lo | 埧羅 | This is the name by which the Kheh and Cantonese Chinese have always called Ipoh. Mr. W. D. Barnes informs me |
| ... | ... | ... | that formerly there were two Kampongs, one called Ipoh and the other Paloh. In Wilkinson's Dictionary Paloh is given as meaning "a hollow filled with stagnant water" while 'Ipoh' means 'upas-tree'. The Europeans and Hokkien Chinese called the town which was subsequently built, Ipoh, while to the Cantonese and Khehs the place became known as Pa-lo. |
| Kampar | Kam-po | 金寶 | ... |
| Kampong Kepayang | Kam-pong Pan-yang | 金榜班映 | ... |
| Kamunting | San-kong-mun | 新港門 | i.e. New district. This name was given by the Chinese to Kamunting because mines were opened there later than near Taipeng. Kamunting is about 3 miles from Taipeng. |
| Kinta | Tai-phek-lik | 大吡叻 | i.e. Big Perak, as distinct from Larut which is Siu-phek-lik or little Perak. The Tiechius call it Toa-pe-lak. |
| Kota | Ku-ta | 古打 | ... |
| Kota Bahru | Ku-ta ma-lu | 古打馬路 | ... |
| Krian | Ko-yin | 高煙 | This name is also applied to Nibong Tebal in Province Wellesley. |
| Kuala Kangsa | Phu-lo kong-sau | 浮勞江秀 | ... |
| Kuala Dipang | Mi-phang | 美棚 | ... |
| Kurau | Ku-lau | 古樓 | ... |
| Lahat | Na-hat | 拿乞 | ... |
| Larut | Siu-phek-lik | 小吡叻 | The Tiechius call it 'Sio-pe-lak', and this is more nearly the sound of the characters. |
| Matang | Ma-tang | 馬豋 | ... |
| Padang Rengas | Siu-san | 燒山 | Burning hill, because lime stone used to be burnt here for lime. |
| Papan | Kap-pan | 甲板 | ... |
| Parit Buntar | Ko-yin | 高煙 | Ko-yin is simply Krian; another name is sin-ba-lai meaning the new 'balai' or Police Station, in distinction to that at Nibong Tebal over the border. |
| Polai | Po-lai | 賴 | ... |
| Pusing | Pu-sing | 布星 | ... |
| Salak | Sha-lak | 沙叻 | ... |
| Selama | Sü-lam-ma | 絲南孖 | ... |
| Selibin | Süt-li-ping | 雪厚冰 | ... |
| Siputeh | Pu-tei | 步地 | ... |
| Slim | Su-lam | 上林 | ... |
| Sungei Raia | Sung-kai la-ye | 雙溝罅爺 | ... |
| Sungei Siput (near Kuala Kangsar) | Wo Fung kai-cheung | 和豐街場 | 'Wo Fung' was a big mining kongsi here: Kai-cheung means 'town' or more literally 'street-area.' |
| Sungei Siput (near Kampar) | Shek-san-keuk | 石山脚 | 'The foot of the (lime)stone hill.' The mines are at the foot of a limestone cliff. |
| Sungkai | Süng-khai | 宋溪 | ... |
| Taipeng | Thai-peng | 太平 | Also Phek-lik-tsai. |
| Tembun | Tam-mun | 淡問 | ... |
| Tanjong Malim | Phu-lo on-nam | 浮勞安南 | Phonetic, probably from some Malay name. (? Pulau Anam.) |
| Tanjong Rambutan | Hung-mo tan | 紅毛丹 | This is usual Chinese for the Rambutan fruit. Hung-mo or ang-mo red-haired, so the Chinaman has been happy in his choice of of a name for this fruit. |
| Tapah | Ta-pa | 打巴 | ... |
| Tekka Menglembu | Man-li-mong | 萬里望 | ... |
| Teluk Anson | Sz-ma-tang | 司馬登 | This is the Chinese version of Sa'batang. The old port was Durian Sa'batang 3 miles from the present town, the Chinese however still use the old name. I have heard An-sun used on a few occasions. |
| Temoh | Luk-chi-pei | 六枝碑 | i.e. Six mile-stones, because Temoh is six miles from Kampar on the road to Tapah. |
| Tronoh | Tun-lok | 端洛 | ... |
VII. Chinese names of places in Selangor.
| English. | Chinese. | Characters. | Remarks. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ampang | Om-pang | 暗邦 | The village between the 3rd and 4th milestones on the Kuala Lumpur Ampang road is Punkong, i.e., 'the half way mines,' or, 'the mines half-way between Ampang and Kuala Lumpur.' |
| Bangi | Man-yi | 萬宜 | The Hokkiens call it Ban-gi. |
| Batang Benar | Pat-tang mei-na | 八登尾拿 | ... |
| Batu | Wa-tu | 華都 | ... |
| Batu Tiga | Sam thiu shek | 三條石 | i.e. three (mile)-stones, because Batu Tiga is 3 miles from Damansara, where sam-pans discharged cargo in pre-railroad days. |
| Beranang | Fu-lu-ngan | 芙蘆奀 | This name is also applied indiscriminately to some other places in the same district, e.g., Blau and Broga. It is apparently phonetic. |
| Bukit Raja | Mu-kit La-yo | 毛結罅爺 | ... |
| Cheras | Chui-Lai | 蕉賴 | ... |
| Gombak | Ngo-mak | 鵝墨 | ... |
| Jeram | Yi-lam | 宜冧 | ... |
| Jugra | Chho-ka-la | 粗加罅 | ... |
| Kajang | Ka-yeng | 架影 | ... |
| Kanching | Kan-ching | 間征 | ... |
| Kapor | Ka-pa | 加吧 | ... |
| Kelumpang | Lung-pong | 龍邦 | ... |
| Kepong | Kap-tung | 甲洞 | ... |
| Kerling | Kat-lin | 吉粦 | ... |
| Klang | Pa-sang | 吧生 | Because the Malays give the name 'Pasang' to part of the town of Klang. |
| Kuala Kubu | (i) Kwu-mo | 古毛 | ... |
| ... | (ii) Sz-Nga-Ngok | 師牙岳 | i.e. Selangor in Cantonese guise. Kuala Kubu is the principal town in Ulu Selangor, and the Chinese have |
| ... | ... | ... | adopted the name of the district, and dropped the 'Ulu.' |
| Kuala Langat | Nga-ngat kong-hau | 牙兀港口 | i.e. the mouth of the 'Nga-ngat river.' Nga-ngat=Langat obviously. |
| Kuala Lumpor | Kat-lung-po | 吉隆坡 | I have also often heard kai-(or ka-) lam-po. |
| Kuala Selangor | Sek-a-ngo kang-khau | 昔仔午港口 | These are Hokkien sounds, representing 'mouth of the river Selangor.' |
| Kuang | Kuang | 轟 | ... |
| Kuchai | Ku-tsai | 古仔 | ... |
| Kuyau | Ko-yu | 高腰 | ... |
| Padang Jawa | Pat-tang chiau-a | 八登爪亞 | ... |
| Pantai | Pan-tai | 板底 | ... |
| Parit Tengah | Pa-lit Teng-a | 吧列丁亞 | ... |
| Pasir Panambang | Pa-sa Pan-lam-pang | 吧沙板冧崩 | ... |
| Pasir Panjang | Pa-sa Pan-yeng | 吧沙板影 | ... |
| Pĕtaling | Ku-ta-lin | 古打粦 | ... |
| Port Swettenham | Pa-sang kong-hau | 吧生港口 | See Klang 'Kong-hau' means 'river mouth.' |
| Pudoh | Pun-shan pa | 半山吧 | i.e. half (way to the jungle. |
| Pulau Ketam | Po-lau kit-tam | 布流結泵 | ... |
| Rasa | Lak-sü | 叻恩 | (in Hokkien) Rasa is in Ulu Selangor, and this part of Selangor was proved by the be the census to be the 'Hokkien' part of the State—so the Chinese name of the place was a Hokkien name. |
| Rawang | Man-lau | 橈萬 | This may be for 'Bandar': part of Rawang is known as Bandar Bharu. |
| Salak (South) | Ku-ta-lin Sa-lak | 古打粦沙歴 | ... |
| Selangor | Sz-nga-ngok | 師牙岳 | Most commonly by residents outside the State called 'Kit-lang' (Klang) |
| ... | Sut-lang-ngo | 雪蘭鵝 | ... |
| ... | Kit-lang | 吉冷 | ... |
| Sẽmunyih | Sz-wai-yik | 四圍益 | This is the recognised written name. It means "lucky all round.' The colloquial is 'Sz-man-yik.' |
| Sĕpang | Chi-wo kong | 致和港 | 'Kong' is a river, and 'Chi wo' is the chop of a gambier and pepper Kongsi, the largest in that district. |
| Serdang | Sa-tang | 沙戥 | ... |
| Sĕrendah | Seung-man-tan | 雙文丹 | Sometimes called 'Sz-man-tan. The river at this place is called Sungei Semantan. |
| Sětapah | Man-lung-kong | 文龍港 | I have not been able to ascertain the explanation of this name. It may have some connection with the name of a small river there called 'Sungei Bilong.' |
| Simpah | San-pa | 新吧 | ... |
| Sungei Ayer Itam | Sung-koi A-yi yi-tam | 朱溪亞耶意泵 | ... |
| Sungei Besi | San-kai-cheung | 新街塲 | i.e. New town, Kai=street, cheung=open space—so that Kai cheung appears to mean 'street area' and so 'town.' It is not the usual form of expression. Sungei Besi got this name, because the locality of the town was changed some years ago. |
| Sungei Buloh | Sung-khoi Phu-lo | 宋溪蒲蘆 | ... |
| Sungei Dayong | Sung-khoi Na-yung | 嵩溝拿容 | ... |
| Sungei Puteh | Sung-khoi Phu-thai | 宋蟻菩提 | ... |
| Sungei Tempaian | Sung-khoi Tam-pa-yeng | 宋溝担霸影 | ... |
| Sungei Way | Sung-khoi Wai | 雙溝威 | ... |
| Tanjong Karang | Tan-yeung ka-lang | 丹洋架冷 | ... |
| Tanjong Malim | Fu-lo On-nam or Phu-lo On-nam | 芙蘆安南 郭蘆安南 | This sounds like an adaptation of a Malay name meaning 'sex Islands'. But there is no authority for that, and it is not unlikely that it is a Chinees attempt at 'Ulu Bernam.' |
| Ulu Klang | Tham kong | 淡江 | i.e. Dull-mine—Dull in the sense of not prosperous. The miners here met with little luck. But more probably another explanation is correct, viz. that the water of the river at Ulu Klang was much used for drinking purposes, 'tham' here meaning 'fresh.' |
| Ulu Langat | Nga-ngatshan | 牙兀山 | 'Shan' practically corresponds to 'Ulu'—up-country. |
| Ulu Selangor | U-lau Süt-lang-ngo | 烏咾雪蘭莪 | See under Kuala Kubu. |
| Ulu Yam | Wa-tu- a-yam | 華都亞音 | There is said to be a rock (batu) which serves as a landmark. |
VIII. Chinese names of places most of which have commercial or other connections with the Straits Settlements.
| English. | Hokkien. | Cantonese. | Character. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acheen | A-che | Che-fau | 亞齊 |
| America[1] | Bi-kok | Mei-kwok | 美國 |
| ... | Hue-ki-kok | Fa-khei-kwok | 花旗國 |
| Amoy | E-mag | Ha-mun | 廈門 |
| ... | E-mui | ... | 廈門 |
| Annam | An-nam | On-nam | 安南 |
| Australia[2] | Sin-kim-suaⁿ | San-kam-shan. | 新金山 |
| Austria | O-kok | O-kwok | 奧國 |
| Bangkok[3] | Bong-kok | Mang-kok | 網咯 |
| ... | Siam-kiaⁿ | ... | 暹京 |
| Batavia[4] | Ka-la-pa | Ka-la-pa | 加朥巴 |
| ... | Ba-tau-i | ... | 目投夷 |
| Batu Pahat | Ba-tu Pa-hat | Ma-tu-pa-hat | 峇楮吧轄 |
| Bombay | Bong-bai | Mang-mei | 望眉 |
| Borneo | Bo-nioⁿ | Mu-neung | 慕娘 |
| Calcutta | Beng-ka-la | Mang-ka-la | 孟加朥 |
| ... | ... | Ka-lei-kat-ta | 加剌吉打 |
| Canton[5] | Kng-tang | Kwong-tung | 廣東 |
| ... | Seⁿ-siaⁿ (Tiechiu) | Shang-sheng | 省城 |
| Cheribon | Cheⁿ-li-bun | Cheng-lei-man | 井里汶 |
| Chifu (or Chefoo)[6] | Ian-tai | Yin-thoi | 烟台 |
| China | Tong-kok | Chung-kwok | 中國 |
| ... | Tng-suaⁿ | Thong-shan | 唐山 |
| Christmas Island[7] | Ka-su ma-su | ... | 嘉士嗎嶼 |
| ... | ... | Shek-tsai-fau | 石仔埠 |
| Cocob | Ku-kok | Ku-kok | 龜咯 |
| Colombo | Ko-long-bo | Ko-long-mo | 高浪霧 |
| Corea | Kau-li-kok | Ko-lai kwok | 高麗國 |
| ... | Ko-le kok | ... | ... |
| Cuba | Ko-pa | Ku-pa | 古吧 |
| Deli | Jit-li | Yat-lei | 日裡 |
| ... | Jin-li | ... | ... |
| Dindings[8] | Pang-kok | Pong-kok | 邦咯 |
| Edie | I-li | Yi-lei | 怡里 |
| England | Eng-kok | Ying-kwok | 英國 |
| Foochow | Hok-chiu | Fuk-chau | 福州 |
| Formosa[9] | Tai-wan | Thoi-wan | 台灣 |
| France | Ho-lan-se | Fat-lan-sai | 法蘭西 |
| ... | Huap kok | Fat-kwok | 法國 |
| Germany | Tek-kok | Tak-kwok | 德國 |
| Haiphong | Hai-pong | Hoi-fong | 海防 |
| Hoihow | Hai-khau | Hoi-hau | 海口 |
| Holland | Ho-lan | Ho-lan | 荷蘭 |
| Hong Kong | Hiang-kong | Heung-kong | 香港 |
| India[10] | In-to | Yan-to | 印度 |
| ... | Kit-ling-a tso ke (Colloquial Tiechiu) | ... | 吉寧仔祖家 |
| Italy | I-tai-li | Yi-tai-lei | 意大利 |
| Japan | Jit-pun | Yat-pun | 日本 |
| Jelebu | Jia-li-bu | Ya-lei-mu | 惹裡務 |
| Johor[11] | Yu-hut | Yau-fat | 柔佛 |
| ... | Sin-suaⁿ | San-shan | 新山 |
| ... | Ja-ga (Tiechiu) | ... | 惹呀 |
| Karimon | Ka-li-mun | Ka-lei-mun | 家里汶 |
| Kedah | Kit-ta | Kai-ta | 吉打 |
| Kelantan | Kit-lan-tan | Kat-lan-tan | 吉蘭丹 |
| Kopah | Ko-pa | Ko-pa | 高吧 |
| Labuan | La-buan | La-mun | 納閩 |
| Langkat | Lang-kat | Lang-kat | 籠葛 |
| Langkawi | Phu-lo kau-ui | ... | 浮羅交夷 |
| Lingga | Leng-ge | Lung-nga | 龍冴 |
| Malacca | Muaⁿ lak-kah | Ma-lak-kak | 麻𠯿呷 |
| Macao[12] | O-mng | O-mun | 澳門 |
| ... | ... | O-mun-kai | 澳門街 |
| Macassar | Mang-ka-siah | Mang-ka-sat | 望加錫 |
| Manila | Sio-lu-song | Siu-lui-sung | 小呂宋 |
| Medan[13] | Sa-wan | Sha-wan | 沙灣 |
| Mergui[14] | Tan-lau | ... | 丹荖 |
| ... | ... | Tai-lau | 大栳 |
| Moulmein | Ma-tang-lien | ... | 峇淡棉 |
| ... | ... | Mu-lu-min | 毛勞棉 |
| Muar | Muaⁿ-po | Mo-fau | 蔴埠 |
| Muntok | Bun-to | Man-to | 文島 |
| Negri Sembilan[15] | ... | Kau-chau-fu | 舊州府 |
| Olehleh[16] | A-che | Che-fau | 亞齊 |
| Padang | Toa-pa-tang | Tai-pa-tang | 大吧冬 |
| Pahang | Pang-bang | Pang-hang | 彭亨 |
| Pakhoi | Pek-hai | Pak-hoi | 北海 |
| Pangkor | Pang-kok | Pong-kok | 邦咯 |
| Palembang[17] | Ku-kang | Kau-kong | 巨港 |
| Pekin | Pak-kiaⁿ | Pak-keng | 北京 |
| Penang[18] | Pin-nng-su | Pun-long-yü | 檳榔嶼 |
| ... | ... | Pei-nang | 𠳓能 |
| ... | ... | San-fau | 新埠 |
| Perah | Peh-lak | Phek-lek | 吡叻 |
| Perlis[19] | Ka-yang | Ka-yang | 加央 |
| Pontianak | Khun-tian | Khwan-tin | 坤甸 |
| Pulo Bĕrandan[20] | ... | Fo-shui shan | 火水山 |
| ... | But-lan-tan | ... | 勿輦輦 |
| Rangoon | Liang-kong | Yeung-kwong | 仰光 |
| ... | Ang-kong | On-kung | 晏光 |
| Renong | Lin-long | ... | 粦廊 |
| Rhio | Liau-lai | Liu-noi | 廖内 |
| Russia | Go-lo-su | Ngo-lo-sz | 俄羅斯 |
| Saigon | Sai-kong | Sai-kung | 西貢 |
| Samarang | Sam-pa-lang | Sam-pa-lang | 三吧壟 |
| Sandakan | Sin-ngia-kan San-ta-kan Siang-hia kang | San-ta-kan | 山打根 |
| Sandwich I'ds[21] | Toaⁿ Hiong Suaⁿ | Than Heung shan | 檀香山 |
| San Francisco[22] | Ku kim-Suaⁿ | Kau kam-shan | 舊金山 |
| Sarawak | Su-la-wak | Sa-la-wak | 砂朥越 |
| Selangor | Kit-lang | Kat-lang | 吉隆 |
| ... | Sit-lang-ngo | Su-lang-ngok | 寔蘭莪 |
| Serapong | Sa-li-pong | Sa-la-pong | ... |
| Shanghai | Siang-hai | Sheung-hoi | 上海 |
| Siam | Siam-lo, Siam-ti | Chhim-1o | 暹羅 |
| Singkep | Sin-kip | San-kap | 新汲 |
| Situl | Si-tüt | Si-to | 寔突 |
| Sourabaya | Su-li-ba | Sz-shui | 泗水 |
| ... | Si-li-buat | Siet-lei-fa | 泗里末 |
| Spain[23] | Toa-lu-song | Tai-lui-sung | 大呂宋 |
| Swatow | Suaⁿ-than | Shan-thau | 汕頭 |
| Sungei Ujong | Hu-jiong | Fu-yong | 芙蓉 |
| Tavoy | Tho-a | Tho-nga | 土瓦 |
| Tebing Tinggi | Chiok-be teng-ngi | Shek-ma teng-yi | 石馬丁宜 |
| Tokio[24] | Tang-kia | Tung-keng | 東京 |
| Tongkah | Kong-ka | Hung-ka | 通扣 |
| ... | ... | Kham-ka | 禽卡 |
| Tang[25] | Tang li | ... | 董裡 |
| ... | ... | Wu-chiu-tang | 糊椒等 |
| Trengganu | Teng-ka-no | Teng-nga-nu | 丁加奴 |
| Wei-hai-wei[26] | Ui-hai-ui | Wai-hoi-wai | 威海衞 |
| Yokohama[27] | Hueⁿ-pin | Wang-pan | 橫濱 |
Chinese Names of Streets in Singapore and Malacca, together with a list of names of the most important places in the F. M. S.
Some years ago the late Mr H. T. Haughton of the Straits Settlements Civil Service compiled a list of the native names, Chinese and Tamil, of some of the most important streets in Singapore.
Since this list was published, Singapore has grown and streets have multiplied, so that Mr. Haughton's list, useful as far as it goes, is somewhat out of date.
I have in the previous pages endeavoured to bring it up to date, as far as the Chinese names are concerned. To do this satisfactorily, is impossible. Exact names for many streets do not exist. In this respect Singapore differs from Penang, where new streets are fewer and more easily identified. It is characteristic of the Chinese that in a matter of this kind, accuracy is the last thing that strikes them as essential. If you ask a Chinaman—or better still a Chinese woman—newly arrived and resident in Singapore, where he lives, the invariable answer will be "Singapore." A second query will perhaps elicit information as to the district of the town or island, but it will take many questions before the actual address can be ascertained, though it might have been given directly, if the person questioned had thought that it was of any importance.
The Chinese have a happy-go-lucky way of using one expression to describe any one of perhaps a dozen streets. Any Chinaman living at the town-end of Bukit Timah Road, in Albert Street, Selegie Road, near Kandang Kerbau Police Station, Short Street, or in any of the numerous lanes in that neighbourhood will, if asked where he lives, reply "Tek Kah" (i. e. Foot of the bamboos), and unless cross-examined would not volunteer any further information, though the answer might mean any one of a dozen streets.
The more important thoroughfares have recognised names known to Chinese of all classes. There are. however, a number of new and smaller streets, and it appears to me that it is important that these should be easily identified. Especially is it important that official interpreters should have a through knowledge of the names, English and Chinese, for all the streets in the town, a matter in which, in my experience, many Government interpreters are lamentably ignorant.
As already remarked, in many cases there are no Chinese names for streets. Tanjong Pagar and Kampong Kapor districts are full of new roads and streets, nameless at present to the Chinese, and defying identification. The houses are new and often not occupied by Chinese, but Singapore is a Chinese town and any one who has watched its growth will realise that in all likelihood these new roads will be busy throughfares before many years are past, and sooner or later no doubt the Chinese will find names for them. Now it seems a pity that street-names should be multiplied unsystematically in Chinese as well as in English, and I should like to see the Municipality step in and take the mater in hand. Suggestions need not be made here as to what plan should be pursued, but there are several alternative methods, and I think something ought to be done.
I should state that infallibility cannot be claimed for this list. Various informants have given contradictory information. However such as it is, it may, I hope, prove useful to any European with a knowledge of Chinese and to any Chinaman with a knowledge of English.
I have added the names for some of the more important bridges, police stations and public buildings, and where I have been able to ascertain them, the names of the country roads and districts. Here I found it very difficult to obtain exact information, most of what is given having been kindly furnished by Mr. Langham-Carter of the Land Office.
Following will be found a list some of the places with which Singapore has connections, commercial or otherwise. This includes the names of European States and, at the other extreme, local coast ports.
Mr. E. A. Gardiner of the Straits Police kindly sent me a list of the names of streets in Malacca, with some interesting notes by Mr. Go Lai Kui, the Government Interpreter there.
And through the courtesy of various officers of the Federated Malay States Civil Service, I have been furnished with the Chinese equivalents for the names of the most important places in the States.
Mr. A. M. Pountney contributed Selangor.
Mr. W. Cowan sent the Perak names, with notes by Mr. W. D. Barnes.
For Pahang I am indebted to the District Officers at Raub and Kuala Lipis.
The Negri Sembilan names were supplied through Mr. Ridges.
I was unable to obtain Chinese names for up-country Kampongs in Malacca—there are none apparently—and the Chinese population is comparatively thin there.
Penang and Province Wellesley have already been dealt with in the admirable notes of Mr. Lo Man Yuk.
Finally I must express my thanks to Messrs. Ho Siak Kuan and Leung Pui Kam of the Chinese Protectorate in Singapore and Penang respectively, for their assistance in filling in the Chinese characters for the names.
Penang, March, 1904.
- ↑ Hue-ki-koh means 'flowery flag country.'
- ↑ Sin-kia-suaⁿ means 'New gold fields' as distinct from California.
- ↑ Siam-kiaⁿ means 'Capital of Siam.'
- ↑ Ka-la-pa may be for the Malay word 'Kelapa,' coconut.
- ↑ Se-sia means 'provincial capital'—This is the expression invariably used by Tiechius—while Cantonese use the equivalent 'Shang Sheng.' In the same way 'hu-sia' will be used by the people of a prefecture to denote their prefectural city.
- ↑ 'Smoky fort.' Yin Thoi' is really the name of the foreign concession' on the opposite side of the harbour to the Chinese town of Chi-fau 芝罘 and the name given to the site of the foreign concession has ousted the real name of the place.
- ↑ 'Shok-tsai-fau' means 'Little stone port', alluding to the phosphate work.
- ↑ 'Pang-kok' is Pangkor, the island and village at the mouth of the Dindings river.
- ↑ 'Tai-wan' is the Chinese name, meaning 'Terraced bay.'
- ↑ 'Kit-ling-a tsou-ke' means 'Klings' home': it is of course only colloquial.
- ↑ 'Sin-sua' means 'New hills' or 'New country,' distinguishing ohor, I suppose, from Singapore.
- ↑ 'O-mun' is the Chinese name for the place known to Europeans as Macao.
- ↑ Medan is known to Chinese as 'Sawan' meaning 'Sand bay.'
- ↑ 'Tan-lau' means 'Red Sirih.' I have not been able to ascertain the reason for this name.
- ↑ 'Kau-chau-fu' is only a translation of Negri Sembilan. The name 'Fu Yung' i.e. (Sungei) Ujong is usually given to Negri Sembilan and all that part of the Peninsula.
- ↑ This is 'Atjeh', the Dutch name of Acheen, in Chinese form.
- ↑ 'Ku-kang' means 'great river.'
- ↑ 'San-fan' means 'New town:—Penang was later known to Cantonese, than Singapore.
- ↑ 'Ka-yang' is apparently the Malay 'Ka-jang.' I know no explanation of the name.
- ↑ Kerosine-oil hills.
- ↑ 'Sandalwood hills'.
- ↑ 'Old gold diggings' as distinct from Australia.
- ↑ Toa-lu-song 'means 'Big Luzon', as distinct from Manila which is called 'Small Luzon.'
- ↑ 'Eastern capital.'
- ↑ 'Wu-chiu tang' means 'Pepper Thang.'
- ↑ 'Strong sea protection.'
- ↑ 'Cross shore.'