the Sambre. (B. G. ii. 23.) Caesar gave the Atrebates a king, named Comm (B. G. iv. 21), whom he sent over to Britannia, before his first expedition, in order to induce the Britanni to acknowledge the Roman supremacy. Comm was also in Britannia during Caesar's second expedition (v. 22). Though Caesar had exempted the Atrebates from imposts and allowed them to enjoy their liberty, as a reward for Comm's services, and had also attached the Morini to the government of Comm, the Belgian joined his countrymen in the general rising against Caesar, under Vercingetorix. (B. G. vii 76.) He finally submitted (viii. 47).
The Atrebates were included in Gallia Belgica under the empire. (Plin. iv. 7.) It seems that a manufacture of woollen cloths existed among the Atrebates in the later imperial period. (Trebellius Poll. Gallien. c. 6, and the notes of Salmasius, Hist. Aug. Scriptores, pp. 280, 614.)[ G. L. ]
ATREBATII (Άτρεβάτιοι, Ptol. ii. 3. § 26), in Britain, were the people about Calleva Attrebatum or Silchester. [Belgae.][ R. G. L. ]
ATROPATE'NE (Άτροπατηνή, Strab.xi.pp.524—526; Άτροπάτιος Μηδία, Strab. xi. pp. 523—529; Άτροπάτια and Άτροπάτιος Steph. B.; Τροπατηνή, Ptol. vi. 2. § 5; Atropatene, Plin. vi. 13.) Strabo, in his description of Media, divides it into two great divisions, one of which he calls Μεγάλη, Media Magna; the other ή Άτροπάτιος Μηδία or ή Άτροπατηνή. He states that it was situated to the east of Armenia and Matiene, and to the west of Media Magna. Pliny (l. c.) affrms that Atropatene extended to the Caspian Sea, and that its inhabitants were a part of the Medes. Its extent, N. and E., is nowhere accurately defined; but it seems probable that it extended E. beyond the river Amardus. It seems also
likely that it comprehended the E. portion of Matiene, which province is considered by Strabo (xi. p. 509) to have been part of Media. It must therefore have included a considerable part of the modern province of Azerbaijan. It derived its name from Atropates, or Atropes,who was governor of this district under the last Dareius, and, by a careful and sagacious policy with regard to the Macedonian invaders, succeeded in preserving the independence of the country he ruled, and in transmitting his crown to a long line of descendants, who allied themselves with the rulers of Armenia, Syria, and Parthia (Arrian, iii. 8, vi. 19, 29; Strab. xvi. p. 523; and Arrian, vii. 4, 13). The province of Atropatene was evidently one of considerable power, Strabo (xi. p. 523), on the authority of Apollonides, stating that its governor was able to bring into the field 10,000 horse
and 40,000 foot; nor does it ever appear to have been completely conquered, though during the most flourishing times of the Parthian empire it was sometimes a tributary of that warlike race, sometimes governed by one of its own hereditary sovereigns, descended from Atropates. (Tac. Ann. xv. 2, 31.)
The whole of the district of Atropatene is very mountainous, especially those parts which lie to the NV. and W. The mountains bear respectively the names of Choatras, Monies Cadusii, and M. lasonius, and are connected with M. Zagros. They were respectively outlying portions of the great chains of
Taurus and Anti-Taurus (at present the mountain ranges of Kurdistan, Rowandiz, and Azerbaijan). Its chief rivers were the Cambyses, Cyrus, Amardus or Mardus, and the Charindas (which perhaps ought lather to be counted with the streams of Hyrmnia).
ATTALEIA.
It had also a lake, called Spauta (Strab. xi. p. 523), which is probably the present lake of Urmiah.
The capital of Atropatene is called by Strabo (xi. p. 523) Gaza, by Pliny Gazae, by Ptolemy (vi. 18. § 4). Stephanus and Ammianus (xxiiL 6), Gazaca
(Γάζακα). It is described thus by the first: "The summer residence of the kings of Media Atropatene is at Gaza, a city situated in a plain and in a strong fort, named Vera, which was besieged by M. Antonius in his Parthian war." It has been inferred from this that Strabo is speaking of two different places; but the probability is, that Gaza was the town in the plain, of which Vera was the keep or rock-citadel, especially as he adds, evidently speaking of one place, and on the authority of Adelphius, who accompanied Antony, "it is 2,400 stadia from the Araxes, which divides Armenia from Atropatene." Colonel Rawlinson has shown, in a very able and learned paper in the Roy. Geogr. Journ. (vol. x.), which has thrown more light on the geography of this part of Asia than any other work, ancient or modern, that this city bore at different periods of history several different names, and that its real name ought to be the Ecbatana of Atropatene, in contradistinction to the Ecbatana of Media Magna, now Hamadan. [Ecbatana.][ V. ]
ATTACOTTI or ATTICOTTI, mentioned by Ammianus (xxvii.28), as having, in conjunction with the Scots and Picts, harassed Britain. Mentioned, too, by St Jerome (adv. Jovin. lib. ii.), as having been seen by him in Gaul, indulging in cannibalism; also that they had their wives in common. If so, these were not the Attacotti of their own proper British locality, but a detachment planted in Gaul. This we infer from the Notita; where we have the Attacotti Honoriani Seniores, and the Attacoti Honoriani Juniores; the former in Gaul, and the latter in Gaul and Italy.
In the Irish annals, the Attacots (Aiteachtwath) take a far greater prominence. They appear as enemies to the native Irish as early as A.D. 56, and it is a suspicious circumstance, that in proportion as we approach the epoch of true history, they disappear; the same applying to the famous Fir-Bolgs.[ R. G. L. ]
A'TTACUM (Άττακον: Ateca near Calatayud), a town of the Celtiberi in Hispania Tarraconensis, described on an inscription as a municipium, Municip. Atttacens. (Ptol. ii. 6; Morales, p.
69, b.).[ P. S. ]
ATTALEIA or ATTALIA (Άττάλεια, Άτταλία: Eth.Άτταλεύα). 1. A city of Pamphylia. After mentioning Phaselis in Lycia, Strabo mentions Olbia as the first town in Pamphylia, then the river Catarrhactes, and then Attalia, a city founded by Attalus II. Philadelphus, king of Pergamum. Accordingly he places the Catarrhactes west of Attalia. Ptolemy mentions Phaselis, Olbia, and Attaleia, and then the Catarrhactes. Pliny mentions Olbia, but not Attalia (v. 27), though he mentions the Catarrhactes. The modern town of Adalia, now the largest place on the south coast of Asia Minor, corresponds in name to Attalia; but it is west of the Catarrhactes, now the Duden Su. Strabo describes the Catarrhactes as falling from a high rock, and the noise of the cataract was heard to a distance. It is generally assumed that Strabo means that it falls over a rock into the sea; but he does not say so, though this may be his meaning. Beaufort (Karamania, p. 135) observes, that on the west side of the town "there are only two small rivers, both of
