514 CARALITIS. Hampsicora and the Carthaginians (Liv. xxiii. 40, 41 ), and appears on other occasions also as the chief naval station of the Bomans in the island, and the residence of the praetor (Id. xxx. 39). Floras calls it the " urbs nrbium," or capital of Sardinia, and represents it as taken and severely punished bj Gracchus (ii. 6. § 35), but this statement is wholly at variance with the account given by Livy, of the wafs of Gracchus, in Sardinia, according to which the cities were &ithfal to Borne, and the revolt was confined to the mountain tribes (xli. 6, 12, 17). In the Civil War between Caesar and Pompey, the citizens of Caralis were the first to declare in favour of the former, an example soon followed by the other cities of Sanlinia (Caes. B. C. i. SO); and Caesar himself touched there with his fleet on his return from Africa. (Hirt. B. Afr. 98.) A few years later, when Sardinia fell into the hands of Menas, the lieu- tenant of Sex. Pompeius, Caralis was the only city which offered any resistance, but was taken after a short siege. (Dion Cass, xlviii. 30.) No mention of it occurs in history mider the Roman Empire, bnt it continued to be regarded as the capital of the island, and though it did not become a colony, its inhabit- ants obtained the rights of Roman citizens. (Plin. iii. 7. 8. 13; Strab. v. p. 224; Mela, ii. 7; Itin.Ant. pp. 80, 81, 82, &C.) AAer the fall of the Western Kmpire it fell, together with the rest of Sardinia, into the hands of the Vandals, but appears to have retained its importance throughout the middle ages, and is still, under the name <^ CagHari^ the capital of the island. Claudian describes the ancient city as extending to a considerable length towards the promontory or headland, the projection of which sheltered its port: the latter aflbnis good anchorage for large vessels ; but besides this, which is only a well-sheltered road- stead, there is adjoining the cily a large salt-water lake, or lagoon, called the Stagno di Cagliari^ com- municating by a narrow channel with the bay, which appears from Claudian to have been used in ancient times as an inner harbour or basin. (Claud. B. Gild, 520—524.) The promontory adjoining the city is evidently that noticed by Ptolemy (KcIpaXis ie6hxs KoL Atcpa^ I. c), but the Carautanum Promon- TORIUM of PHny can be no other than the headland, now called Capo Carbonara^ which forms the east- em boundary of the Gulf of Caglietriy and the SE. }.oint of the whole island. Immediately off it lay the little island of Ficakia (Plin. I. c; Ptd. iii. 3. § 8), now called the laola dei Cavoli. Considerable remains of the ancient city are still visible at Ca^liari^ the most striking of which are thot>e of the amphitheatre (described as extensive, and in good preservation), and of an aqueduct; the latter a most important acquisition to the city, where fresh water is at the present day both scarce and bad. There exist also ancient cisterns of vast ex- tent : the ruins of a small circular temple, and nu- merous sepulchres on a hill outjiide the modem town, which appears to have formed the Necropolis of the ancient city. (Smyth's Sardinia^ pp. 206, 215; Valery, Voyage en Sardaigne^ c. 57.) [E. H. B.] CARALITIS. [Carallis.] CAKALLIS (Ko^Atj, KapiUOitia: Eth. Ka- paKiiinrs : Steph. s. r.), a city of Isauria, supposed by Cramer to be the same which Hierocles and the Councils assign to Pamphylia. There arc imperial coins of Carallis with tiie epigraph KapdKKuerwv. The place appears to bo KereU on the north side of the lake of Bey Sheher, which is west of Iconium. CARANTONDS. This lake is that which Strabo (p. 56S, ed. Casaub.) calls Coralis (Kc^paXis), and Hamilton (^Researches, &c. vol. IL p. 349) supposes it to be the same as the Pusgusa or Pasgusa of the Byzantine writers. It is a large lake, and contains many islands. Many modem writers call this lake Caralis or Caralitis, but it does not appear on what authority. Livy (xxxviii. 15) mentions a Caralitis palus, but it is near the Cibyratis. [G. L.] CARAMBIS (Kopo/i^ts: Kerempe)^ a promontory of Asia Minor, in the Paphlagonia of Strabo (p. 545), who describes it as a great headland, turned to the north and to the Scythian or Tauric Chersonesus. He considers this promontory and the promontory of Criou Metopon in the Tauric Chersonesus as dividing the Euxine into two seas. He states (p. 124) the distance between the two promontcnies at 2500 stadia; bnt this must be an error in the text for 1 500 stadia, as a comparison with another passz^e (p. 309) seems to show; and the fact that many navigators of the Euxine arc said to have seen both promontories at once (see Groskurd's note in his Transl. of Strabo, vol. i. p. 204). Pliny (iv. 12) makes the distance 170 M. P. This promontory of Carambis is mentioned by all the ancient geo- graphers, and by many other writers. Pliny (vi. 2) makes the distance of Carambis from the entrance of the Pontus 325 M. P., or 350 M. P. according to some authorities. The direct distance from Sinope, which is east of it, was reckoned 700 stadia; but the true distance is about 100 English miles. Ca- rambis is in 42^ N. lat. and a little more; and it is not so far north as the promontory Syrias or Lepte, which is near Sinope. There was also a place called Carambis near the promontory, mentioned by Scylax and Pliny, though the name in Scylax is an emendation of the MS. reading Caramus; but it appears to be a certain emendation. [G. L.] CARANl'TIS (KopnwTw, Strab. xi. p. 528; Kapavn-tSy Strab. xii. p. 560; Plin. v. 20. s. 24), a canton of Upper Armenia, added by Artaxias to his dominions. This district is at the foot of the moun- tains which separated the Roman from the Persian Armenia. Carana (Kiipoya, now Erzrum or Garen) was the capital of this district. (Strab. xii. p. 560.) It was afterwards called Theodosiopolis, which was given it in honour of the emperor Theodosius the Younger by Anatolins, his general in the East, a. i>. 416. (Procop. deAedif. iii. 5 ; Le Beau, Bas Empire^ vol. V. p. 446.) It was for a long time subject to the Byzantine emperors, who considered it the most important fortress of Armenia. (Procop. B, P. i. 10, 17; Const. Porph. de Adm. Imp. c. 46; Cedren. vol. i. pp. 324, 463.) About tlie middle of the 1 1th century it received the name of Arze-el-Rumj con- tracted into Arzrum or Erzrum. (St. Martin, Mem, sur VArmenie, vol. i. p. 67 ; Bitter, Erdkunde, vol. x. pp. 81 , 27 1 .) It owed its name to the circmnstance that when Arzek was taken by the Scljuk Turks, A. D. 1049, the inhabitants of that place, which, from its long subjection to the Romans, had received the epithet of /Sum, retired to Theodosiopolis, and gave it the name of their foraier abode. (St. Mar- tin, I c.) [E. B. J.] CARA'NTONUS, a river of Gallia, which flowed through the territory of the Santones: — '* Santonico refluus non ipse Carantonus aestu." Auson. Mosell. v. 463. Ptolemy (ii. 7) and Maidanus (p. 47) call it Ca-
