is presumed to have been from his pen. A few fragments only remain of the writings of the younger of these two scholars, who died between a.d. 380 and 392.—F.
APOLLINARIUS, Claudius, Saint, was bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia, in the second century. Little is known of his history; but he is highly spoken of by Theodoret as a scholar and divine. He died prior to a.d. 211.
APPOLODORO, Francesco, an Italian painter of the seventeenth century, was born at Friuli, and lived at Padua; where, under the name of Il Porcia, he became celebrated for his portraits of the literary men of the period.
APOLLODORUS, a Greek mathematician, referred to by Diogenes Laertius and by Athenæus, as having transmitted the famous theorem of Pythagoras to posterity.
APOLLODORUS, an Athenian philosopher, and friend of Socrates, who lived in the course of the fifth century b.c., and is mentioned by Xenophon and by Plato.
APOLLODORUS, an Athenian sculptor, mentioned by Pliny, flourished during the earlier part of the fourth century b.c. He became noted for his fastidiousness and severity in criticising his own works, and for his frantic energy in breaking to pieces many of them, which, though admired by others, failed to come up to his own standard of excellence.
APOLLODORUS, an Athenian merchant, lived about 400 b.c., and is noted as having been the plaintiff in a lawsuit against Phornio, who was defended by Demosthenes.
APOLLODORUS, a celebrated ancient grammarian, was by birth an Athenian. He was the son of Asclepiades, and one of the scholars of the Rhodian philosopher Panætius, and the grammarian Aristarchus. He flourished about 140 b.c. He wrote a considerable number of books, but only one of them has come down to us. It is called the "Library," and gives an account of the heathen gods and heroes. It begins with the first state of things, when Heaven ruled all the world, and breaks off with the exploits of Theseus, the latter part of the work being lost. It is a compilation, made principally from the Cyclic poets. It has become valuable to us, because many of the sources from which it was drawn have perished; but even in ancient times it was highly esteemed as a consecutive compendium of the traditions relating to the gods and heroes. A collection has been made of fragments of eleven other works by Apollodorus.—J. D.
APOLLODORUS, an Epicurean philosopher, mentioned by Diogenes Laertius. He flourished about 80 b.c.
APOLLODORUS, an eminent lawyer, lived about the end of the fourth and beginning of the fifth century of the Christian era. He was one of the compilers of the Theodosian Code.
APOLLODORUS, author of a history of the Parthians, cited by Strabo and Athenæus.
APOLLODORUS, the name of several physicians mentioned by Pliny and Athenæus.
APOLLODORUS of Athens, surnamed the "Shadow Painter" (Σκιαγράφος), lived about the ninety-third Olympiad. He was the first who paid attention to the modification of colours by the effect of light and shade. He is supposed also to have introduced the first prospectical graduation of tints for producing the effect of various distances.—R. M.
APOLLODORUS of Carystus in Eubœa, a Greek poet, who lived at Alexandria towards the end of the fourth century b.c., and wrote many comedies, since lost. These works achieved a high reputation, and were largely borrowed by the Latin comic poets, according to their usual practice, to which a parallel might easily be found in modern times. He is mentioned by Suidas.
APOLLODORUS of Cassandria, first a demagogue, afterwards a tyrant, flourished about 280 or 300 b.c., and was remarkable for perfidy and cruelty. He was overthrown and put to death by Antigonus. He is mentioned by Diodorus, Polybius, and other historians.
APOLLODORUS of Damascus, a celebrated architect and engineer, was born about a.d. 60. He designed and executed most of those splendid edifices and great works of engineering with which the Emperor Trajan delighted to adorn and improve his dominions, and of which some remains exist, and are admired at the present day,—such as the column of Trajan, the ruins of his forum, the triumphal arch of Benevento, the triumphal arch, the bridge, and the harbour of Ancona, and probably also, the best part of that triumphal arch which was finished and appropriated by Constantine, but which is believed to have been commenced by Trajan. The greatest engineering work of Apollodorus was the immense bridge of Trajan over the Danube, afterwards destroyed by Adrian. The high spirit of Apollodorus, capable of respecting true greatness alone, led him to show more openly than was consistent with prudence, his contempt for the taste and understanding of Adrian; and on the accession to the empire of that mean tyrant, the great architect became an object of persecution, and his works of destruction; and at length, by means of a false accusation, he was judicially murdered, a.d. 130. During a period of exile, Apollodorus composed a treatise on engines of war (Πολιορκητικα), which is still extant in the collection called "Veteres Mathematici." Information respecting him may be found in the works of most of the historians who have treated of the period when he lived, such as Pausanias and Eutropius.—W. J. M. R.
APOLLODORUS, Ephilus, a Stoic philosopher, mentioned by Diogenes Laertius.
APOLLODORUS of Gela, a Sicilian poet, mentioned by Suidas, who flourished about the end of the fourth and beginning of the third centuries b.c. He wrote comedies, of which a few fragments are preserved.
APOLLODORUS of Lemnos, about 400 b.c., wrote a work on agriculture, cited by Aristotle and Pliny.
APOLLODORUS of Pergamus, a rhetorician, and the instructor of Augustus in oratory. Born 60 b.c.; died a.d. 22. He is mentioned by Suetonius and Tacitus.
APOLLODORUS of Tarsus, a tragic poet, mentioned by Suidas.
APOLLO´NIDES, a Greek physician of the fifth century b.c.
APOLLONIDES, a governor of Argos, under Cassander, in the fourth century b.c.
APOLLONIDES, a citizen of Chios, who was banished to Upper Egypt by Alexander the Great.
APOLLONIDES of Nicæa, a Greek philologist and commentator of the first century b.c.
APOLLONIO, Jacopo, a landscape painter of great merit, a pupil and imitator of the Bassani, born at Bassano in 1586; died in 1638.
APOLLO´NIS or APOLLO´NIA, the wife of Attalus I., king of Pergamus, lived about 220 b.c., and is celebrated on account of the filial love of her four daughters.
APOLLONIUS, the name of a number of Greek physicians, of whom we mention:—Stratonius, of the school of Erasistratus, lived about the third century b.c.—Herophilus, flourished at Alexandria under the Ptolemies.—The Empiric, lived in the second century b.c.—Glaucus, flourished about the same time.—Organicus, supposed by some to be identical with Herophilius.—A. of Prusa, an accoucheur of the same century.—Animal, of the first century b.c.—Ophis, and A. of Tarsus, both of the same century.—A. of Pergamus, a writer on hydrophobia, of the same epoch; and A. of Citium in Cyprus, lived about 70 b.c., and wrote op epilepsy.—J. W. S.
APOLLONIUS, a Roman senator of the second century, who suffered death for having embraced Christianity.
APOLLONIUS, a Greek mosaicist, established at Venice during the 13th century, and employed in the church of San Marco.
APOLLONIUS, a Stoic of Chalcis, summoned to Rome by Antoninus Pius, to superintend the education of his nephew, Marcus Aurelius.
APOLLONIUS, the son of Nestor, of the school of Lysippus of Sicyon, lived between 330 and 300 b.c. He is the sculptor of the celebrated Belvedere Torso, which Michel Angelo used to consider superior to all the other relics of antiquity. But for the appearance of the Phidian marbles, brought into light by Lord Elgin, the work of Apollonius would still hold the same pre-eminence in the public estimation.—R. M
APOLLONIUS of Cyrene, an obscure philosopher of the Megaric school, who lived during the third century b.c.
APOLLONIUS, Dyscolus, a Greek historian and grammarian of Alexandria, who flourished in the second century. His criticism on the veracity of ancient historians has unfortunately been lost; but his philosophy of language is a most interesting work.
APOLLONIUS, Laerinus, a Dutch traveller of the sixteenth century.
APOLLONIUS, Molon, an orator of the first century b.c., noted as the master of Cicero. He afterwards served Julius Cæsar as an interpreter.
APOLLONIUS of Perga, lived at Alexandria, under the
