the most distinguished authors of the fifteenth century; and the posts he occupied in the state as senator, governor of Vicenza, ambassador to Pope Martin V., general-in-chief at Brescia, and many embassies to Florence, to the Emperor Sigismund, and to many other sovereigns, prove that he was as skilful in diplomacy as he was versed in literature. His eloquence was marvellous, and many times he harangued the senate, and the troops at Brescia, thus inducing the state and the army to defend for three years the walls of that besieged city against the superior forces of the duke of Milan. He wrote many works which are enumerated by Mazzuchelli. He published also his voluminous correspondence in Latin. He died in 1454.—A. C. M.
BARBAROSSA, Horuc, called Barbarossa from his red beard, was the son of a Greek of Mitylene, and by profession a Corsair chief. In 1516 he assisted Selim, king of Algiers, in driving the Spaniards out of that country, and having obtained possession of the capital, put Selim to death, and mounted the throne himself. Died in 1518.—Khaireddin, also called Barbarossa, brother and successor of the last, surrendered the sovereignty of Algiers to Selim I., sultan of Turkey, in exchange for a force of 2000 janissaries. In 1533 he offered his services as admiral to Solyman II., the successor of Selim, and was afterwards promoted to the rank of capitan pasha, or high-admiral of the Turkish fleet. He immediately formed the design of annexing the whole of the north coast of Africa to the Ottoman empire, and conquered Tunis; but it was retaken in 1535 by the emperor, Charles V. In 1538 he gained a victory over the imperial fleet under the command of Andreas Doria in the bay of Ambracia. Died in 1546.—Barbarossa, a surname of the Emperor Frederic I. of Germany.—A. H. P.
BARBAROSSA, Paul-Emile, a native of Trepani; author of several poems of a mystic character, among which may be mentioned, "Jacob's Ladder;" "The Crown of Minerva," &c. He died in 1614.
BARBAROUX, Charles-Jean-Marie, was born at Marseilles on the 6th of March, 1767. He was called to the bar of that city at an early period, and at once distinguished himself. Young, handsome, energetic, and impetuous, he passionately embraced the revolutionary doctrines as enunciated at the commencement of that momentous epoch. He established a journal called the Marseillaise Observer, and did therein much service to the revolutionary cause. In 1792 he was one of a deputation to the states-general from his native city, and there formed a close friendship with Madame Roland, her husband, and the Gironde party in general. In the same year he was returned as deputy for the department of the Rhone, and enrolled himself actively with the Gironde party. He it was who, when the Revolution seemed in danger from the veto of the king, wrote passionately to Marseilles for 600 men "who knew how to die," which 600 men came, bringing Rouget de Lille with them, who composed the Marseillaise Hymn on the march. To the last he was a brave opponent of Robespierre, but in vain; and finally, in the autumn of 1793, he escaped to the coast in the neighbourhood of Bourdeaux. Here, in various hiding-places, he lurked till the summer of 1794, until, finding arrest imminent, he endeavoured to destroy himself with a pistol, but failed and was guillotined at Bourdeaux, already half-dead, on the 25th June, 1794. With no gifts for a statesman, he was one of the few loveable characters of the revolutionary period. He published "An Essay on Extinct Volcanoes near Toulon;" an ode on the same subject, and a fragment of Mémoires.—J. S. S.
BARBATO, Barthélemy, born at Padua, lived in the middle of the seventeenth century. He was a poet and commentator; wrote a "History of the Plague," 1630-31; and edited Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered.
BARBATO, Jerome, an Italian physician, living in the second half of the seventeenth century. He was the first who discovered the serum of the blood, a subject on which he wrote. The merit of this discovery was for a time given to Thomas Willis, but was restored to Barbato by Andrioli, who corroborated his opinions.—E. L.
BARBAULD, Anna Lætitia, the eldest child, and only daughter of John Aikin, D.D., was born at the village of Kibworth Harcourt in Leicestershire, on June 20, 1743. Her early education was entirely domestic, and conducted principally by her mother, to whom and the celebrated Dr. Doddridge, for some years domesticated with her parents, she was indebted for the formation of her character. Induced by her solicitations and talents, her father, who taught a school for boys, introduced her to the classics, and on his removal, in her fifteenth year, to Warrington in Lancashire, to become classical tutor to a dissenting academy, she enjoyed in the society and scenery around her the most favourable stimulus to her powers. In 1773, by the persuasion, and with the assistance of her brother, she published a volume of poems, which proved so successful that four editions were called for within the year of publication; and it was followed very soon after by "Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose," the joint production of her brother and herself. In 1774, she married the Rev. Rochmont Barbauld, descended from a family of French protestants, and pastor of a dissenting congregation at Palgrave, near Diss. Her husband having opened a boarding-school at the village of Palgrave in Suffolk, she shared with him the task of instruction, and by her literary celebrity secured for the institution a rapid and uninterrupted success. Some of her pupils, Taylor of Norwich, Dr. Savers, Sir William Gell, and Lord Denman, rose to distinction. In 1775 she published a small volume, entitled "Devotional Pieces compiled from the Psalms of David," which met with little favour; but "Hymns in Prose for Children," which immediately followed, greatly increased her fame and influence. Her health having been impaired by eleven years' tuition, she accompanied her husband to the continent in the autumn of 1785. After spending nearly a year, they returned to England, and removed to Hampstead, where Mr. Barbauld had accepted the pastorate of a small congregation. Mrs. Barbauld resumed her educational labours with success; but with the exception of a few pamphlets on the political topics of the day, some valuable contributions to Dr Aikin's Evenings at Home for children, and two critical essays prefixed to ornamented editions of Akenside's Pleasures of the Imagination, and Collins' Odes, she added nothing for many years to her previous compositions. In 1802, she quitted Hampstead, and took up her abode in Stoke Newington, her husband having accepted the pastorate of the congregation (formerly Dr. Price's) at Newington Green; and in 1804, she gave to the public a selection from the Tatler, Guardian, and Freeholder, with a preliminary essay, which was speedily followed by a selection from the letters of Richardson, accompanied by an able life and finished literary review of the novelist. In 1808 she became a widow, by the death of Mr. Barbauld, after a long and painful illness. To relieve her dejection, she consented to edit a collection of the British Novelists, which was published in 1810, and besides an introductory essay, contained biographical and critical notices of the authors. This was followed by "Eighteen Hundred and Eleven," the longest and most highly-finished of all her poems. From this period her literary labours ceased, and after spending the evening of life among affectionate friends, she expired without a struggle on March 9, 1824, in the eighty-second year of her age. Her works were collected by her niece, Lucy Aikin, and published (1825) in two vols., prefaced by an interesting memoir, and a touching tribute to her genius and virtues.—W. M. H.
BARBAZAN, Arnauld Guilhelm, Sire de, a French captain, distinguished by Charles VI. with the title of "Chevalier Sans Reproche," and by Charles VII. with that of "Restaurateur du Royaume et de la Couronne de France," was born of a good family towards the end of the fourteenth century, and died in 1432. He earned the former of his titles while yet young, by his successful defence of the national honour in a combat fought in 1404, between six French and six English knights before the castle of Montendre; and the latter he merited by his extraordinary exertions on the side of the dauphin, at a time when the cause of native royalty, powerless in presence of the Anglo-Burgundian league, boasted few adherents. He was killed at Bullegneville.—J. S., G.
BARBAZAN, Etienne, a French writer, born in 1696; died at Paris, 1770. He wrote on the poetic literature of France of the twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries; also, dissertations on the French and Celtic languages.
BARBE, Phillipe, a French priest, born in London in 1723; died in 1792. He was rector of the college of Langres, and afterwards of that of Chaumont. His principal works were a "Translation of the Greek Fathers," for M. de Juigné's collection, and "Fables et Contes Philosophiques."
BARBÉ-MARBOIS, François de, Comte et Marquis, a French statesman, born at Metz in 1745, entered public life in 1769 as secretary of legation at Ratisbonne. He was successively chargé d'affaires at the courts of Saxony and Bavaria, and con-
