sul-general at Washington. In 1785 Louis XVI. appointed him intendant of St. Domingo, and on his return to France in 1790 gave him a post in the foreign office. He was present at the German diet held in 1791, and in the year following was intrusted with a special mission to Vienna. In 1795 he took his seat in the Conseil des Anciens as member for the department of Moselle, an accusation of treason, with which it was attempted to exclude him from the legislature, not having been sustained by his colleagues His speeches in favour of a modification of the laws with respect to emigrants and their relatives, brought him into suspicion as a royalist; and in 1796 the accident of his being honourably mentioned in a royalist document which fell into the hands of government, was sufficient to procure his condemnation. He was banished to Guiana, but returned to France after the 18th Brumaire, year 8, and was appointed director of the treasury. From that office he was somewhat unceremoniously ejected by Napoleon in 1806. Two years afterwards he was nominated president of the Cour des Comptes, and in 1813 took his seat in the senate. In June, 1814, having been one of the deputies who counselled the recall of the Bourbons, he was created a peer by Louis XVIII. , and continued in his post of president. During the Hundred Days he was a Napoleonist, but so privately as to be able to accept with a good grace the post of minister of justice under the restored dynasty. In 1815 he exchanged the seals of that office for those of his former presidency, the duties of which he discharged throughout the reign of Charles X., and during a part of Louis-Philippe's. He died in 1837. Barbé-Marbois is the author of the following works—"Complot d'Arnold et de Sir Henri Clinton contre les Etats Unis d'Amerique," &c. 1816; and "Lettres de Madame la Marquise de Pompadour," &c. 1811.—J. S., G.
* BARBERI, Cavalier, of Rome, the greatest mosaicist of the day; exhibited in 1851, in Hyde Park, and obtained the council medal for his table-top, ornamented with views of different cities of Italy.—R. M.
BARBERI, Fillipo de, an Italian theologian of the fifteenth century, inquisitor in Sicily and Malta, lived in the second half of the fifteenth century. He wrote, besides a number of theological tracts, "Virorum Illustrium Chronica," 1475.
BARBERI, Giovanni, the Roman architect who in 1786 designed and constructed the façade of the new sacristy of St. Peter of Rome. He was also a painter of perspective.—R. M.
BARBERINI, a celebrated Florentine family, originally of Tuscany. In 1623, Maffeo Barberini having been elected pope, under the name of Urban VIII., Taddeo, his nephew, and other members of the family, became proprietors of large estates in the papal dominions. The principality of Palestrina fell to Taddeo, but this princely possession so far from contenting, only stimulated his ambition. As general of the papal troops he made war on neighbouring states, and generally with success, during his uncle's reign; but on the accession of Innocent X., he was obliged to take refuge in France, where he died in 1647. The family were allowed to retain Palestrina.—J. S., G.
* BARBES, Armand, born at Point-a-Pitre (Guadaloupe) in 1810. He was brought to France in his infancy, and resided for a time at Fourtoul near Carcassonne. The death of his father, who had been a wealthy merchant, having put him in possession of a large fortune, he was conveyed by his tutor to Paris, after the revolution of July. Here he became affiliated to the Societe des droits de l'homme, and having been compromised in the insurrection of April, 1834, was arrested and detained in prison at Sainte Pelagie for four or five months; but not being found sufficiently culpable to warrant a public accusation, he was set at liberty. He soon became involved in fresh troubles, but was a second time released without being brought to trial. Some months afterwards, however, the jealousy of the government was again awakened; and Barbes being brought before the correctional tribunal of the Seine, was condemned to one year's imprisonment for the clandestine manufacture of gunpowder. At the expiration of his term of confinement, he entered into a conspiracy, which terminated in an open insurrection, in which Lieutenant Drouineau, one of the officers of the government, was killed. Barbes was brought before the court of peers, personally charged with the assassination of Drouineau, declared guilty, and condemned to death. His sentence, however, was commuted by Louis Philippe into perpetual imprisonment. At the revolution of February, 1848, he was once more set at liberty, and was elected representative of the department of Aude, in the constituent assembly. Having taken part in the affair of the 15th May, Barbes was arrested, and brought before the high court of justice, convoked at Bourges for the prevention of conspiracies tending to subvert the government of the republic. He was found guilty, and sentenced to deportation; but this sentence was commuted to that of perpetual imprisonment, which he still continues to undergo in the prison of Belle-ile-en-Mer.—G. M.
BARBESIEUX, Louis-François Letellier, Marquis de, minister of Louis XIV., born at Paris in 1668; died 5th January, 1701. As a minister, he was not destitute of talent; but allowed himself to be engrossed by his pleasures, to the neglect of public business.
BARBETA, Jean, a native of Hungary, lived in the 17th century, and wrote "The History of Dalmatia."
BARBETTE, Paul, a Dutch physician and surgeon, who lived at Amsterdam in the latter half of the seventeenth century. He was the first who proposed gastrotomy in the case of intussusception of the intestines, a disease of which he gave a clear definition. He successfully improved the canula of Sanctorius, in use for the operation of paracentesis, by substituting for the conical point a lancet-shaped one. He regarded sudorifics as a specific in all diseases, and prescribed bleeding to an unreasonable extent. In his estimation, the cause of all diseases was the coagulation of lymph by an acid. Without originality, his works were numerous, and were crowded with formulas.—E. L.
* BARBETTI, Angelo, a distinguished wood carver of Florence; exhibited in Hyde Park, in 1851, some of his fine productions, which obtained for him the prize medal, and a most flattering report from the jurors of the great exhibition.—R. M.
BARBEU-DUBOURG, Jacques, a French physician and botanist, was born at Mayence, 12th February, 1709, and died at Paris, 13th December, 1779. After acquiring his medical degree, he settled in Paris, and there devoted himself to botanical pursuits. He directed his attention in a special manner to fungi. Besides medical and philosophical works, he published "Botaniste Français," or an account of the plants found in the vicinity of Paris; "Manuel de Botanique;" and "Usage des Plantes." Du Petit Thouars established the genus Barbeuia from Madagascar in honour of him.—J. H. B.
BARBEYRAC, Charles, born at Cerast in Provence, took his degree of doctor of medicine in 1649. He was appointed by the Cardinal Bouillon, his physician in ordinary, with a pension of a thousand livres; the cardinal did not impose any conditions on this gift, and Barbeyrac fixed his residence at Montpellier, where Locke met him, and has recorded his being struck by the great resemblance between him and the English physician, Sydenham. He died at Montpellier in 1699. He was uncle of Jean Barbeyrac, the great jurist.—J. A., D.
BARBEYRAC, Jean, born in Beziers in Languedoc, in 1674. His family were Calvinists; on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, they removed to Lausanne. He first studied theology, and from that passed to the faculty of law. In 1697 he settled as a teacher of polite literature at Berne, and afterwards filled the chair of law at Lausanne and Groningen. In 1709 he published his "Traité de Jeu," a singular work, in which he endeavoured to show that games of chance are not necessarily immoral. He translated into French the juridical works of Grotius, Puffendorf, Bynkershoeck, and Cumberland, and added notes which established his fame through Europe as a great jurist. In 1725 he published a tract asserting against the claims of the Austrian Netherlands, the exclusive right of the Dutch East India Company to trade with India. In 1728 he published a volume entitled "Traité de la morale des Peres," in which he inveighed severely against St. Augustin's allegorizing interpretations of scripture. He translated some of Tillotson's sermons. In 1739 his "Histoire des anciens traités" was published; he died in 1744.—J. A., D.
BARBIANO, Alberic I., Count, an Italian warrior; died in 1409. He was the first to renounce the employment of foreign troops, and to train to arms an Italian corps, with which he took part in the terrible affair of Cesene in 1377.
BARBIANO, Alberic II., son of the preceding, and count of Zagonara, lived in the fifteenth century. To insure the safety of his possessions, which were situated in the midst of the Appenines, he put himself under the protection of the Florentines; but in 1424 was compelled to renounce that alliance.
BARBIANO, John, brother of Alberic I., an Italian lord; died in 1401. Having entered the service of the Bolognese, he
