fessor in the college of Cardinal Lemoine; and through means of Lefevre, he was afterwards connected with Briçonnet, bishop of Meaux, by whom the new doctrines were favoured. Compelled by the persecution which in 1523 broke out in France against the reformers, he fled to Basel, where he formed the acquaintance of Œcolampadius; and at his instigation, and with consent of the magistracy, he challenged the theological faculty there to discuss publicly with him certain theses, thirteen in number, involving the leading points of the reformed theology. The disputation took place on the 16th of February, 1524, and was productive of much advantage to the evangelical cause. The opposition of his enemies, however, compelled him to leave Basel and flee to Strasburg, where he was gladly welcomed by Bucer and Capito. We next find him at Mömpelgarde, the residence of Duke Ulrich of Würtemberg, where, though not ordained, he acted as preacher. His fiery zeal, not always tempered with prudence, brought him into frequent troubles, which constrained him to leave this place and betake himself again to Switzerland, where he settled and laboured for some time at Aigle in Berne. Here he came into fierce conflict with the priests and monks of the Romish church; and, having received from the magistracy a commission to preach throughout the canton of Berne and its alliances, he commenced a course of itinerant labours, visiting the principal places in that canton, everywhere vehemently attacking the Romish tenets. He planted also the standard of the Reformation in the cantons of Neufchatel and Vaud, where his labours were abundant. His zeal often exposed him to serious dangers from the violence of the mob. At Olon his discourse was interrupted by a rush of men and women who mishandled him cruelly; and at Valangin he suffered so much from the hands of the priests and the women that four years after, a chronicler tells us, his blood was still visible on the plaster of the church wall, against which he had been dashed. He at length in 1531 retired before the fury of his enemies, but not until he had sowed much good seed, and betook himself to the valley of the Waldenses, where he, both at this time and later, exerted much influence on their ecclesiastical arrangements. After some time he arrived at Geneva, where he at first held private meetings in his own house; but these becoming much resorted to, he was summoned before the bishop's vicar, Amadè des Gingins, to answer for himself as a misleader of the people. He boldly and ably defended himself, and produced his Bernese credentials; but the vicar sat there to give judgment against him, not to discuss his pretensions; and accordingly, after addressing to him much rude and bitter language, he commanded him to leave the town within three hours. During the trial he was not only rudely but cruelly treated, and at length was pushed from the place; one of the canons striking him on the head with his fists, and another kicking him. With difficulty escaping with his life, he fled to Orde; but his soul longed after the work he had begun at Geneva, and in 1533 he returned to that city under the protection of the state of Berne. He now devoted himself to the open advocacy of the reformed doctrines there; and the churches having been thrown open to him, he, with untiring zeal and passionate fervour, assailed the errors of the papacy, and invited the people to the reception of the gospel. A large amount of success crowned his efforts, and at length Geneva renounced the supremacy of the pope. Hitherto Farel had carried forward the work at Geneva almost alone; his only coadjutor of any ability was Viret, whose services were not wholly given to Geneva. At length Calvin came upon the field, and Farel seized and detained him as the instrument raised up by Providence to complete the work. At his solemn entreaty Calvin abode; and soon after the management of affairs at Geneva passed into his hands. Farel then went to Neufchatel, where he maintained the cause of the Reformation with untiring ardour in the face of many difficulties and constant opposition. In 1541 he returned again to Geneva, but soon after went to Metz, where he preached with great success, though not without opposition and danger; nay, sometimes actual suffering. His chief enemies seem to have been the priests and the women; on one occasion, at Gorze these allies set on him, and tore his hair and beard almost entirely out. In an attack made on the protestants at this place by command of cardinal de Lothinger, Farel was seriously wounded, and with difficulty escaped. He fled to Strasburg, whence he maintained a written intercourse with his friends at Mets, and carried on controversy against the papists. He frequently visited Geneva during Calvin's life, and took part in the controversies which agitated the reformers there. He sided with Calvin in the case of Servetus, and accompanied that unfortunate heretic to the stake. Though now advancing to old age, his zeal and activity knew no abatement. His journeyings were very numerous, especially throughout French Switzerland, though the work at Neufchatel enjoyed the chief share of his attention. In 1561, after revisiting the Waldenses, he paid a visit to his native place, Gap, where he preached to a vast multitude. In 1565 he visited Metz, where he preached with all the fire of his youth. This was his last effort. As he returned to his house, exhaustion overpowered him, from which he never rallied. He died, September 13, 1565. His writings are few, and of no great importance; it was as a preacher, and not as a writer, that he chiefly served the cause of the Reformation.—W. L. A.
FARET, Nicolas, born about 1594 at Bourg-en-Bresse; died at Paris in 1640. He was one of the first members of the French Academy, and drew up its statutes. He was a tall, large, ruddy-faced man; and it is said that the accident of his name rhyming to Cabaret, led to his getting the reputation of being a man of dissolute habits. He wrote a great deal of verse and prose, now little read.—J. A., D.
FAREY, John, agent to Francis, duke of Bedford, acquired considerable reputation by his labours for the improvement of agriculture and geology, and by his work published in 1811, and entitled "A General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire."—W. J. M. R.
FAREY, John, a distinguished civil engineer, son of the foregoing, was born at Woburn on the 20th of March, 1791, and died in his sixtieth year on the 17th of July, 1851. At a very early age he was employed in preparing drawings, chiefly of mechanical objects, which were engraved for the illustration of books on science. He is considered to have originated an improved style of illustrating scientific works. He invented during this period some new instruments useful in mechanical drawing, and various improvements in existing instruments. In 1819 he went to Russia, where he was for a time engaged in the construction of iron works. On his return to England he was extensively employed as a consulting engineer. This profession he relinquished in 1821, and engaged in manufactures; but in 1826 he returned to it. A large portion of his business was connected with cases relating to patents for inventions, of which his knowledge was almost unrivalled for extent and accuracy; and in this employment he received valuable assistance from his wife. Mr. Farey was the author of various contributions on scientific subjects to encyclopædias and journals, and the transactions of societies, especially those of the Institution of Civil Engineers, of which he was a member. His principal work was a treatise on the steam-engine, of which he completed the first volume only in 1827. It is regarded as of high authority, especially on historical points. A brief notice of his life appeared in the Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers for 1851-52.—W. J. M. R.
FARIA, Manoel Severim de, a Portuguese historian, born at Lisbon in 1583; died in 1655. He was a dignitary of the cathedral of Evora from 1609 to 1642, and devoted the time and resources at his command to the collection of manuscripts and the enrichment of the literature of his country. He was succeeded in his dignities by his nephew, Manoel de Faria Severim, who died in the same year as his uncle, and must not be confounded with him. The catalogue of Faria's works occupies a considerable space in the huge volume of Barbosa. The most important are "Noticias de Portugal," Lisbon, 1655, continued by Barbosa, 1791; Lives of John de Barros, Diego de Couto, and Camoens (Evora, 1624; Lisbon, 1805); some political discourses; meditations on the sacrament, and a curious memoir of occurrences from 1625 to 1627. These works are distinguished by sound criticism and a polished style. A great number of his works remain in MS.—F. M. W.
FARIA Y SOUSA, Mamoel de, a distinguished writer, both in the Spanish and Portuguese languages, born in 1590, in the province of Entre Minho e Douro. At the age of fifteen he became secretary to his relative, the learned Gonçalo de Moraes, bishop of Oporto. In 1619 he went to Madrid, but not succeeding in pushing his fortune there, he returned to Portugal. Subsequently he went back to Spain, and in 1631 we find him secretary to the Spanish embassy at Rome, under the marquis of Ciudad Rodrigo. His literary career may be said to commence
