some time under Limborch and Le Clerc, from whom he contracted a preference for Arminian views. Having returned to England, he continued to prosecute his theological studies with great assiduity, giving particular attention to the oriental languages and the writings of the Fathers. About this time appeared a History of Infant Baptism, written by Mr. Wall, minister of Shoreham in Kent, "which was thought so serviceable to that cause as to deserve the thanks of both houses of convocation." To this work Dr. Gale was induced, by the importunities of his friends, to publish an answer, entitled "Reflections on Mr. Wall's History of Infant Baptism," which appeared in 1711, and immediately gained him much celebrity and influence. Gale was thirty-five years of age before he began to preach, and soon after he became one of the ministers of the Baptist congregation assembling in Paul's Alley, near Barbican. Some time before his death he had projected two works; the one an exposition of the New Testament, and the other, a history of the doctrine of original sin. But in these and other designs he was interrupted by his premature death in 1721. Among his unfinished works he left a "Reply to Mr. Wall's Defence of his History." In 1726 four volumes of his sermons were brought out, to which is prefixed a brief account of his life.—P. L.
GALE, Roger, a learned antiquary, son of Dr. Thomas Gale, prebendary of St. Paul's, was born in 1672. He was educated at St. Paul's school and at Trinity college, Cambridge. He obtained a seat in parliament as member for Northallerton, and he held at one time the post of commissioner of excise. The Royal Society appointed him treasurer, and he was the first vice-president of the Antiquarian Society. By the latter society he was charged with the preparation of an account of the coins of Britain during the period of its occupation by the Romans. At his death, which occurred in 1744, he left his MSS. to Trinity college, Cambridge, and his collection of Roman coins to the public library there. Besides many minor treatises on archæological subjects. Gale is known as the author of "A Discourse on the four Roman ways in Britain," in Leland's Itinerary; and as the translator from the French of Jobert's Knowledge of Medals, 1697. He published a book left in MS. by his father at his death, entitled Antonini Iter Britanniarum, commentariis illustratum.—R. V. C.
GALE, Theophilus, one of the most learned of English divines, was the son of Dr. Theophilus Gale, prebendary of Exeter, and was born in 1628 at King's Teignton in Devonshire of which his father was vicar. His early education was received partly at home, partly at a grammar school in the vicinity. In 1647 he entered Magdalene college, Oxford, where his diligence and extraordinary attainments speedily attracted notice, and led to his being admitted to the degree of B.A. in 1648, before he had attained the standing prescribed by the statutes of the university. In 1650 he became a fellow of his college, and in 1652 took his degree of M.A., and entered on the duties of a tutor and preacher. In the discharge of these duties, and in the assiduous prosecution of study, he continued till in 1657 he was settled at Winchester as a minister. Here he was when the act of uniformity, passed in 1662, compelled him for conscience sake to resign his benefice; and having at the same time been deprived of his fellowship, he accepted the office of tutor to the sons of Philip Lord Wharton. In this capacity he accompanied his pupils in 1662 to Caen in Normandy, where there was at that time a celebrated seminary of learning conducted by professors of the reformed church of France. Here he became acquainted with the learned Bochart and other distinguished scholars and theologians. In 1665 he returned with his pupils to England, and resided with them till the autumn of the following year, when he settled in London as assistant, and in 1677 as successor to Mr. Rowe, who was minister of a congregation meeting privately in Holborn. There he set himself to complete and publish his great work, "The Court of the Gentiles," a work of which he had conceived the idea when a student at the university, and for which he had been collecting materials during all his subsequent studies. The first part appeared in 1669 in small quarto, and immediately excited much attention both in England and on the continent. A second part followed in 1671, and a third and fourth were published in 1677. In 1678 an addition to the fourth part appeared, which is sometimes described as a fifth part, and is now very rare. The book is one of immense learning; and whether the reader adopt or not the author's fundamental thesis, that all the wisdom and philosophy of the ancients was derived by traduction from the scriptures and the Jewish church, he is sure to find on every subject handled all that boundless reading could supply, and great acuteness and ingenuity could suggest, bearing on this theme. In 1676 he published a work in Latin having much the same object as his "Court of the Gentiles," entitled "Philosophia Generalis in duas partes disterminata," &c. He published also "Idea Theologiæ, tam contemplative quam activæ," &c., 1673, and several sermons and smaller works. He died in 1678, aged forty-nine, and was buried in Bunhill Fields.—W. L. A.
GALE, Thomas, born in 1507, served as a surgeon in the army of Henry VIII. of England in 1544 at Montreuil, and in 1557 in that of Philip II. of Spain at St. Quentin. The remainder of his life he seems to have passed in the practice of his profession in London. He was still living in 1586, in the enjoyment of great reputation. He was the author of several works, particularly "An Excellent Treatise of wounds made with gunshot," and an "Enchiridion of Chirurgerie."—R. V. C.
GALE, Thomas, was born at the village of Scruton in Yorkshire in the year 1636, of an old and considerable county family. His school years were passed at Westminster, whence he proceeded to Trinity college, Cambridge, of which he became fellow. In 1666 he was appointed regius professor of Greek. In 1671 he published a carefully edited collection of the ancient mythological writers, ethical and physical. During the next eight years, he published editions of several Greek authors—Herodotus, Jamblichus, and select orators—which the fuller and wider research of later times has superseded. But at the close of his life he entered a field less known and less cultivated—a field, indeed, from which ample harvests are yet to be gathered—and brought to light from the recesses of the manuscript repositories where they had been mouldering, a number of old and curious works relating to the early periods of the national history. His collections entitled "Historiæ Anglicanæ Scriptores Quinque," 1687; and "Historiæ Britannicæ, Saxonicæ, Anglo-Danicæ Scriptores Quindecim," 1691—entitle him to the gratitude and respect of all inquirers into our early history and literature. In 1672 he was appointed head master of St. Paul's school, and about the same time composed at the king's command the mendacious inscription on the Monument, which gave occasion to Pope's well-known lines. In 1676 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and became an active member of that body. In 1697 he was promoted to the deanery of York, an office which he held for five years, dying at York in 1702. Huet, bishop of Avranches, who corresponded with him, was wont to extol Gale's modesty and learning.—T. A.
GALEAZZO. See Sforza.
GALEN, Christoph Bernhard van, Bishop of Munster, a native of Westphalia, born in 1604. Brought up by his uncle, Bernhard van Malinkrot, who had him educated for the church, Galen entered upon active life as a soldier, and from 1637 to 1647 commanded a regiment in the service of Ferdinand of Bavaria, elector of Cologne, in various campaigns against the French and the Swedes. In 1648 the peace of Westphalia, signed in the old townhouse of Munster, put an end to hostilities, and Galen becoming a priest, obtained a canonry in that city. Not long afterwards he was appointed provost. In 1650, much against his uncle's will, he was elected bishop, and in that capacity, like his predecessors, assumed the government of Munster. His subjects proving refractory, the warrior prelate in 1657 attacked the city with an armed force, subdued it, and built a citadel to overawe the inhabitants. On the 1st of August, 1664, Galen, as one of the generals of the Emperor Leopold, fought at the battle of Saint Gothard against the Turks. Always more of a soldier than a priest, he contrived in 1665 to embroil himself with the Dutch. Charles II. of England was for some time his ally in this contest, which was eventually terminated by the mediation of Louis XIV. In 1672-74 Galen was again in arms against the Dutch, and in 1675 he engaged as ally of the king of Denmark in a war against Charles XI. of Sweden, which was not terminated at his death, 19th September, 1678. A work, "De Vita et rebus gestis Chr. Bern, de Galen," was published at Coesfield, 1694, 2 vols. 8vo.—R. V. C.
GALEN, Jan van, a famous Dutch admiral, was born about the year 1600, at Essen in Westphalia. Entering the Dutch navy at an early age, he gained the rank of captain at twenty-seven; and successively, in the naval wars against Spain, Algeria, France, and England, rose to the grade of admiral. In a cruise through the Mediterranean, he blockaded six English vessels in the port of Leghorn; but the latter having received assistance,
