where he took high honours, and became a fellow. In 1824 he was appointed professor of ancient languages in the university of Virginia, United States, and about 1827 professor of Greek in the newly-founded London university (afterwards University college), a post which he retained until 1831. An early and energetic member of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, he edited for it the Journal of Education, 1831-35, and wrote for it the account of the Egyptian antiquities in the British museum, published in the Library of Entertaining Knowledge; with Mr. G. R. Porter the Geography of Great Britain; and with Mr. Wittich and others the Geography of America. His greatest achievement in connection with the Useful Knowledge Society, however, was his editorship of the Penny Cyclopædia, 1832-35, a task for which he was peculiarly fitted by his attainments, precision, method, and love of accuracy. He was also editor of the unsuccessful Biographical Dictionary, 1842-44, commenced by the society, but suspended with the completion of letter A. Called to the bar in 1837, and appointed professor of Latin at University college in 1842, he resigned this post in 1846, on being chosen by the Society of the Middle temple reader on jurisprudence and the civil law for three years. The present system of scholarships and certificates was not then adopted. Mr. Long published in 1847 "Two Discourses delivered in the Middle Temple Hall." In 1849 he became classical lecturer at Brighton college. He has published "France and its Revolutions, a pictorial history," 1850, embracing the period between 1789 and 1848; an excellent translation of Select Roman Lives from Plutarch, 1844-48; and an edition of Herodotus, 1838. Conjointly with Mr. A. J. Macleane he edited the well-known Bibliotheca Classica, to which he has contributed an edition of all Cicero's Orations. Mr. Long also edited Cæsar's Gallic War, Sallust, and an ancient Atlas.—F. E.
LONG, Jacques le. See Le Long.
LONG, Roger, an English astronomer, was born in Norfolk on the 2nd of February, 1680, and died at Cambridge on the 16th of December, 1770. In 1733 he was appointed master of Pembroke college, and in 1749 professor of astronomy in the university of Cambridge. At an uncertain date he became rector of Cherryhinton and Bradwell in Essex. He was the author of a treatise on astronomy, in three volumes, published at Cambridge in 1742, 1764, and 1784. He constructed in 1765 an enormous hollow celestial globe, showing the stars on its concave surface, eighteen feet in diameter, capable of containing thirty spectators, and movable about an axis parallel to that of the earth.—W. J. M. R.
LONG, Thomas, an eminent English nonjuring divine, was born at Exeter in 1621, and educated at Exeter college, Oxford. After the restoration of Charles II. he was appointed rector of St. Lawrence Clist and B.D. by the king's letters, and also prebendary of Exeter. He refused to take the oaths at the Revolution, and was in consequence deprived of his preferments. He died at Exeter in 1700. According to Anthony à Wood he was well read in the Christian fathers, and in Jewish and other ancient writings. He also took an active interest in most of the religious controversies of his time, and wrote against papists, nonconformists, and Socinians. Of his numerous writings on theological and political discussions very few are now of any interest; but the following may be enumerated—"Exercitations concerning the Use of the Lord's Prayer in Public Worship;" "Calvinus redivivus;" a "History of the Donatists;" "The Unreasonableness of Separation;" "Vindication of the Primitive Christians in Point of Obedience;" a "History of all the Popish and Fanatical Pests against the Established Government in Church and State;" and "Dr. Walker's True, Modest, and Faithful Account of the Author of Eikon Basilike"—a vindication of King Charles' claim to the authorship.—B. H. C.
LONGBEARD, William, a fanatical and rebellious priest in the reign of Edward I. He gathered a multitude about him, and assuming the title of saviour of the poor, menaced the king's authority. Before long, however, he and his followers had to take refuge in the church of Marylebone, where he was secured; after trial he was sentenced to be torn asunder by horses, and then hanged. This barbarous punishment was inflicted in the year 1196.—B. H. C.
* LONGFELLOW, Henry Wadsworth, was born in the month of February, 1807, in the northernmost of the United States, the State of Maine, in a town then the capital of that State, Portland, the centre of a beautiful harbour in Casco bay. The bay, with its multitude of islands, almost rivals the St. Lawrence in beauty: and there are lovely scenes in the neighbourhood of the village, for it was not much more than a village when the poet was born in it. "The shadows of Deering's woods" are celebrated in the poem on "My Lost Youth;" "the beautiful town that is seated by the sea," and the "sudden gleams of far surrounding seas and islands that were the Hesperides of his boyish dreams," and the black wharves, and the bulwarks by the shore, and the fort upon the hill, are elements of the poem taken from reality. The "beauty and mystery of the ships, and the magic of the sea," as well as the inland streams and groves, exerted a disciplining and developing power upon the imagination of the poet. Twenty-five miles from his native village, in the town of Brunswick on the falls of the Androscoggin river, a region famous for romantic Indian stories, amidst groves of primeval pines, was the college at which Longfellow was graduated. He entered at an early age, and graduated at eighteen, but spent a year or two pursuing classical studies at the college, in the post of tutor. He was distinguished as the poet of his class, and some of his earliest poems, as well as the occasions on which he produced them, are remembered with deep interest by his classmates, as giving no doubtful intimations of what might be anticipated in the full development of his genius. During his college life he wrote several pieces for the United States Literary Gazette—an extremely well edited magazine, published at Boston—some of which possessed in great perfection the characteristics which have rendered him so universal a favourite. They have been printed in the latest editions of his works; and among them is the "Burial of the Minnesink," the "Hymn of the Moravian Nuns of Bethlehem at the Consecration of Pulaski's Banner," with "Woods in Winter," and the "April Day." They were remarkable for the exquisite early taste and simplicity of language and imagery developed in them, and for some qualities in which they have hardly been surpassed by the latest and most perfect productions of his genius. After the term of his residence at Bowdoin college, a short season was spent by the poet in the law office of his father, a distinguished member of the bar in Portland, and a senator, the Hon. Stephen Longfellow; but he was speedily appointed to a professorship of modern languages in his college, and travelled several years in Europe to prepare himself more perfectly for its duties. His travels included Spain and Germany; and an essay on the "Moral and Devotional Poetry of Spain" was published on his return, in which he inserted his translation of Maurigne's Spanish poem on the death of his father. In 1833 these productions were published in a volume in Boston, along with translations of the sonnets of Lopez de Vega and other poets. The sketches of his foreign travels published in the work called "Outre Mer" were also the fruit of these wanderings.
In 1839 the poet transferred his residence to the university of Cambridge, near Boston, where he had been chosen as the successor of Professor Ticknor in the professorship of modern languages and literature. A second visit to Europe, and a considerable residence abroad, followed upon this appointment. That he might return more eminently fitted for it, he visited Denmark, Sweden, Holland, and Switzerland. "Hyperion," a romance, was one of the prose-poetical fruits of this period of foreign travel, a work combining truths and realities of personal experience and history with much imaginative and romantic illustration. It was not, however, till 1839 that any of Longfellow's poetical productions were given to the public in a volume—"The Voices of the Night"—published at Cambridge, and containing his early poems, some translations from the Spanish, and some of the very finest of all the productions of his genius, such as "The Psalm of Life," and especially the "Excelsior." This is certainly one of the most beautiful poems in the English language. In 1842 Longfellow published a little volume of ballads and other poems, and a few pieces on slavery. The "Spanish Student" was published in 1843; the "Belfry of Bruges," in 1846; "Evangeline," one of the most beautiful of his poems, in 1847. The "Belfry of Bruges" contained those very beautiful pieces entitled "Sea-weed" and the "Rain in Summer." In 1850 appeared "The Seaside and the Fireside," containing that beautiful poem "Resignation," and that on "The Building of the Ship," closing with an apostrophe of admiration to the American Union, and of confidence in its perpetuity, singularly and sadly unfulfilled and disappointed. The
