1799 Breitkopf and Härtel purchased the right of publication from the widow, and printed the Requiem. Disputes then arising about its authenticity, Süssmayer wrote a letter to the public journals in 1801, declaring that he was the author of those portions of the MS. he had handed to the widow, which were in his handwriting. This startling assertion excited little notice at the time; but in 1825, Gottfried Weber made it the groundwork of an assumption, that Mozart's claim to the Requiem was entirely spurious, and this gave rise to a violent dispute, in which the chief critics of the day were engaged. The widow sold to André the right of publishing another edition of the work, in which are defined, by their respective initials, what portions of the MS. are in the hand of Mozart and what of Süssmayer. After the count's death, the copy that had been forwarded to him, was presented to the imperial library at Vienna; and a description of this by Mosel was printed, comprising the testimony of many competent judges to its being in the handwriting of Mozart; but Jahn has collated this with several MSS. of Süssmayer, whose writing he avers to be very similar to that of his master, and he pronounces it to have been penned by his hand. If this be a final decision, we must admit that Mozart completed the first two movements, and wrote the voice and bass parts up to the beginning of the "Lacrymosa;" and that Süssmayer made up the rest of the work, partly from Mozart's fragmentary sketches, partly from having heard him play finished but unwritten movements; and finally, from the minute description of his intentions, which it was the last care of the dying master to impart to him. The strange treatment of the trombones in the "Benedictus," warrants the belief that some one other than Mozart was concerned in the instrumentation, and upon this clumsiness rests Süssmayer's best pretensions. If there be any truth in intrinsic evidence, however, we may be well satisfied, that the entire composition proceeded from the one only mind that could have conceived it, though some portion of the mechanical act of transcription may have been executed by another hand.—G. A. M.
* MOZIN, Jean-Charles-Louis, a French marine painter, was born at Paris in 1806; was a pupil of X. Leprince, and received a medal of the second class in 1831, and of the first class in 1837. His pictures are executed with spirit and feeling, and with great technical skill. Among them are sea-fights and views of ports, with royal visits and ceremonials, which have found places at Versailles, and in the public halls and museums of Douay, Lille, &c. He has also painted coast scenery, landscapes, and a few genre subjects.—J. T—e.
* MÜCKE, Heinrich, German historical painter, was born at Breslau, April 9, 1806. After studying in the academy of his native city, he in 1824 entered the Berlin academy, and became a pupil of Schadow, whom he accompanied to Düsseldorf a few years later. In 1833 he went to Munich and afterwards visited Italy; but he settled in Düsseldorf where he was appointed one of the professors in the art-academy, and he is considered one of the most; distinguished representatives of the Düsseldorf school. Herr Mücke has painted many subjects from sacred and ecclesiastical history, but is perhaps best known by his numerous works, both in fresco and oil, from early German history. Of these among the most celebrated are the frescoes from the life of Barbarossa in the chateau of Count Spec at Heltorf, near Düsseldorf; the larger ones from the life of Charlemagne at Aix-la-Chapelle; and those executed for the council of Elberfeld. Among his religious subjects may be named his "Christianity," in the Andreas church, Düsseldorf; Saints Ambrose, Catherine, and Genevieve; and St. John and the Angel of the Apocalypse. Mücke deals in symbol and abstract sentiment, like the masters of the Düsseldorf school generally; and his works have to one not familiar with the theories of the school, a cold and formal character. He is an able draughtsman, skilful in composition, and by his countrymen is considered a good colourist; but his colour is not that of Titian or of nature.—J. T—e.
MUDGE, John, an English physician, born in Devonshire. He studied medicine, settled in Plymouth, and was for many years an eminent physician there. He published a dissertation on the inoculated small-pox, and a treatise on catarrhous coughs. He was also distinguished for his mechanical genius, and acquired a high reputation in practical optics for his improvements in the specula of reflecting telescopes. For his paper in the Philosophical Transactions suggesting these, the council of the Royal Society awarded him in 1777 the Copley medal.—W. B—d.
MUDGE, Thomas, an English machinist and man of science, was born at Exeter in 1710, and died at Plymouth on the 14th of November, 1794. His father was a clergyman and master of a school, where the young Mudge received, his education. He was bred under the celebrated Graham to the art of watchmaking, which he afterwards practised with extraordinary skill; and in particular, he made important improvements in marine chronometers, for which a reward of £2500 was voted to him by parliament.—W. J. M. R.
MUDGE, William, son of the foregoing, a distinguished British officer and geodetician, was born at Plymouth in 1762, and died in London on the 17th of April, 1821. He was educated at the military academy of Woolwich, and obtained a commission in the royal artillery, in which he gradually rose to the rank of major-general. For many years he had the chief direction of the trigonometrical survey of Great Britain, which he conducted with consummate skill. An account of his labours is given in the Philosophical Transactions from 1795 to 1800. He was a member of the Board of Longitude, and a fellow of the Royal Society, and of many other scientific bodies.—W. J. M. R.
MUDGE, Zachary, an eminent English divine, was a native of Exeter. He was educated among the nonconformists for the office of the ministry, but ultimately entered into holy orders in the Church of England. In 1716 he was appointed master of the grammar-school at Bideford in Devonshire. He was promoted to the rectory of St. Andrew, Plymouth, in 1736, and was also made a prebendary of Exeter. He died in 1769. Mr. Mudge was the author of a volume of sermons, and an essay for a new version of the psalms. Dr. Johnson wrote a glowing eulogium on his learning, talents, and virtues; but said of his sermons that though good they were not practical. "He grasps more sense than he can hold; he takes more corn than he can make into a meal." Sir Joshua Reynolds declared that Mr. Z. Mudge was the wisest man he ever met with.—J. T.
MUDIE, Robert, a voluminous and popular writer, was a native of Forfarshire, Scotland, and was born in 1777. He was entirely self-educated, but by his laborious exertions and perseverance he acquired an immense amount of knowledge, especially on subjects connected with natural history. In 1802 he was appointed teacher of the Gaelic language and of drawing in the Inverness academy. In 1820 he removed to London, where he spent the greater part of his subsequent life. He was for some time engaged as reporter to the Morning Chronicle, but his principal dependence was on his writings for the booksellers. He is said to have been the author of more than eighty volumes. His best known works are his "Feathered Tribes of the British Islands;" "The British Naturalist;" two volumes of the British Cyclopædia of Natural History—"The Elements;" "Man in his Physical Structure, in his Intellectual Powers, in his Relation to Society, and as an Accountable Being;" "The Four Seasons;" "Domesticated Animals;" "Vegetable Substances;" "First Lines in Zoology;" "First Lines in Natural Philosophy;" "The Picture of India, Australia, China and its Resources," &c. Mr. Mudie closed his somewhat chequered life in 1842.—J. T.
MUFFAT, Theophilas, a celebrated organist and composer, was the son of George Muffat, organist of Strasbourg cathedral. He was born at Vienna, and flourished in the first half of the eighteenth century. The periods of his birth and decease are unknown. He was a pupil of the well-known Joseph Fux, and for many years occupied the post of organist to the court of the Emperor Charles VI. He published "Componimenti Musicali per il Cembato;" besides which there are still in manuscript six "Clavier Partien," and eight "Partien Toccaten und Fugen." Handel availed himself of the writings of this master to a considerable extent, copying whole pages, but enriching his appropriations with such consummate skill as almost to render them creations of his own.—E. F. R.
MUGGLETON, Ludowick, a singular fanatic, founder of the sect of Muggletonians, was born, according to his own account (in his posthumous "Acts of the Witnesses"), in Bishopsgate Street, London, about 1610. His father was a farrier, and he himself was apprenticed to a tailor, a trade to which he seems to have adhered through life. In 1651, he says, revelations began to be made to him by "a motional voice," and a brother tailor, one John Reeve, announced to him that he was to be also the organ of revelations made to Reeve. The two proclaimed themselves the last prophets and witnesses of the christian dispensation, and went about denouncing everlasting punishment
