Index 725 Peter, St., regarded as first bishop of Rome, 340 Petition of Right, 662 f. Petrarch, 548 Phaestus (fes'tus), 121 Phalanx, rise of, 158 Phalerum (fa le'rum), 174 Pharaoh (fa'ro), 29 Pha'ros, 233 Phar sa'lus, 267 Phid'i as, iSS f. ; frieze of, Plate IV Philip Augustus, 416 f., 471 Philip the P^air, 425, 469, 490 f. Philip of Hesse, 603 Philip of Macedon, 215 ff. PhiHp II of Spain, 617 ff., 642 f. Philippics, 216 Philistines (filis'tinz), 103, 127 f. Philosophy, 162, 204 ff., 2ioff., 281 Phi lo'tas, 228 Phoenicia (fe nish'a), 31 f., 87, 89 Phoenicians, 30, 59 f., 89, 137 ff. Phrygians (frij'i ans), 89 Pile villages, 242 f. See Lake- dwellers Pilgrim Fathers, 666 Pillars of Her'cu les, 225 Pin'dar, 217 Pippin the Short, 369 Pi rae'us, 173, 175 Pirates in Middle Ages, 507 Pi sis'tra tus, 1 56 f., 167 Pi'thom, 10 1 Pit'ta cus, 1 59 Plantagenets, 4i6ff. Pla tas'a, 168; battle of, 177 Pla'to, 205 ff. Plato's ideal state, 210 f. Plin'y, 163 Pnyx (niks), the, 182 f., Plate III Poitou (pwa to'), 418 Po'la, 279 Pompeii (pom pa'ye), 220, 297 f. Pompey (pom'pi), 267 Pon'tus, 146 Pope, 340; origin of the title of, 343 ; relations of, with Otto the Great, 439 ; position of, 477 f. Popes, duties of the early, 343 f. ; origin of the "temporal" power of, 346, 369 ; election of, 445 ; claims of, 446 f.; at Avignon, 493 Portcullis, 392 Portuguese discoveries, 528 t. Poseidon (posl'don), 144, 189, 195 Postal systems, earliest, 98 f., 236 Potter's furnace, earliest, 35 f. Potters' Quarter (Athens), 173, 186 Potter's wheel, earliest, 35 Pottery, earliest, 11 f., 35!., 117 Praise of Folly, by Erasmus, 581 Prax it'e les. Fig. 93 Prayer book, English, 615 f., 639 Prayer rugs, 361 Presbyterian Church, 607 f. Pride's Purge, 669 PrI e'ne, 1 59 Priest, duties of, 480 Prince of Wales, 423 Princeps, 274 Printing, invention of, 552, 556 f. Protestant, origin of term, 601 Protestant revolt, in Germany, 582 ff. ; in Switzerland, 605 ff.; in England, 608 ff. Protestantism, progress of, 603 . Proven9al (pr5 von saF), 537 Provence (pro-vons'), 436 Psyttaleia (sit tale'ya), 175 Ptolemies (tol'e miz), 230 ff. Punic Wars, 258 ff. Puritans, 666 and note Pyramid Age, the, 27 ff. ; govern- ment in, 29 f. ; length of, 30 f., 44 ; tomb-chapels in, and depic- tion of Egyptian life in, 33 ff. ; art in, 41 ff. Pyramids, the, 25, 27 ff. ; as royal tombs, 27 and Plate I ; pyramid- temples, 40 and Plate I Pyr'rhus, King, 256 f. Quakers, 677 Ramadan (ra ma dan'), month of, 361 Ram'ses II, 46 and Fig. 30, 243 Ramses III, 128 Raphael, 559 Ravenna, interior of a church at, 321 ; tomb of Theodoric at, 322 Raymond, Count, 464, 466 Re (ray), 27 Redress of grievances, 421
