|
|
|
|
|
| (c) |
When used as a mark of iz̤āfah, ء is romanized -ʼi.
|
| (d) |
When used to mark the indefinite article, ء is romanized ʼi.
|
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| 5. |
ٓ (maddah)
| (a) |
Initial آ is romanized ā.
|
āb |
آب
|
|
Kullīyat al-Ādāb |
کلیة الآداب
|
|
| (b) |
Medial آ, when it represents the phonetic combination ʼā, is so romanized.
|
maʼāsir |
مآثر
|
|
Daryāʼābādī |
دریاآبادی
|
|
| (c) |
ٓ is otherwise not represented in romanization.
|
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| 6. |
Tanvīn, written ٌ◌, ٍ◌, ً◌, ً◌), which occurs chiefly in Arabic words, is romanized un, in, an, and an, respectively.
|
| 7. |
ّ◌ (shaddah or tashdīd) is represented by doubling the letter or digraph concerned.
|
khurram |
خرّم
|
|
avval |
اوّل
|
|
bachchah |
بچّه
|
|
Khayyām |
خیّام
|
Note the exceptional case where ّ◌ is written over و and ی to represent the combination of long vowel plus consonant.
|
nashrīyāt |
نشریّات
|
|
qūvah |
قوّه
|
|
Grammatical Structure as It Affects Romanization
| 8. |
Iz̤āfah. When two words are associated in the relation known as iz̤āfah, the first (the muz̤āf) is followed by an additional letter or syllable in romanization. This is added according to the following rules:
| (a) |
When the muz̤āf bears no special mark of iz̤āfah, it is followed by -i.
|
dar-i bāgh |
در باغ
|
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qālī-i Īrān |
قالی ایران
|
|
khānah-i buzurg |
خانه بزرگ
|
|
|
