EXJGENIE-MaKIE de montijo. 268 EUHEMERISM. Chiselhurst, England, until 1880. She became a widow January 9, 1S73. Her only son, the Prince Imperial, completed his military educa- tion in England and was killed in 1S79, while serving as a volunteer in the Zulu War. The Empress made a pilgrimage to the scene of his death and afterwards showed little or no interest in politics, She continued to reside mainly in England. Eugenie has been the subject of numer- ous biographies and memoirs, among them be- ing those of De Lano, The Empress Eugenie (London. 1894) ; Bouchat, Les 6l4ghnces du se- cond empire (Paris. 189G) ; Saint Armand, Louis yapoli.mi n nd Mile, de Montijo, Eng. trans, by E. G. Martin (New York. 1807); Tschudi, Eugenie, Empress of the French, a popular biography, translated from the Norwegian by E. M. Cope (London, 1S99). Consult also her auto- biographical work. Some Recollections from My Life (London, 1885). EUGE'NITJS. The name of four popes. (1) Eugenics I. Pope from 054 to 057. He was elected from the Roman clergy in a time of strife between the East and the West over questions of doctrine, and showed a spirit of compromise. He is described as charitable and gentle, and reckoned as a saint. (2) Eugenius II. A Roman Pope from 824 to 827. The important event of his pontificate was the adoption of the Constitutio Romana (824 1, which provided that the choice of Pope should be taken from the com- mon people and given to the clergy and nobles, his consecration, however, to be dependent on confirmation by the Emperor and an oath of homage from the newly chosen pontiff. (3) Eugentos III. Pope from 1145 to 1153. He was a scholar of Bernard of Clairvaux. During his pontificate occurred the Second Crusade (1147- 1149), which he proclaimed and Bernard preached. He was three times driven from Rome by the Republican party of Arnold of Brescia. (4) Eugenius IV. A Venetian, Pope from 1431 to 1447. His pontificate was a season of discord, owing to the proceedings of the Coun- cil of Basel and the attacks of enemies at Rome. The Council of Basel was convoked by his pre- decessor, Martin V., and showed a strong ten- dency to insubordination. In 1434 Eugenius was compelled to flee from Rome, and remained a refugee at Florence till 1443. In 1436 he at- tempted to dissolve the council, and in 1438 opened a new council at Ferrara and issued a bull of excommunication against the bishops assem- bled at Basel. The latter deposed him and set up an antipope. Felix V. (1439). Eugenius died at Rome, February 23. 1447. and Felix yielded in favor of Nicholas V. At the Council of Florence, which succeeded that of Ferrara (q.v.), and at which the Greek Emperor, John Paleologus II., and upward of twenty Greek bishops were present, a union was proclaimed between the Latin and Greek churches (July. 1439). The ef- forts of Eugenius also met with some success in effecting a temporary reconciliation with certain other Eastern churches. See Babel, Council OF; and Febbaba Florence, Council of. EUGIP'PITJS, or ETJGYPPITJS (c.450-?). An Italian monk, abbot of Lucullanum, near Naples. He was born at Carthage, and after studying at Koine became the pupil of Saint Severin, at Fariana, in Noricum. He wrote I ita Bancti Severini (a.d. 511 I, an important contribu- tion to the Church history of Germany, and com- piled Thesaurus August inianeus, a collection of excerpts from the works of Saint Augustine. There is a monastic rule which is ascribed to Eugippius, but it was superseded by that of Saint Benedict. Consult the edition of the former work by Knoell, vol. vs.. of the Corpus Scriptorum Ec- clesiasticorum Latinorum (Vienna, 1885-86) . ETJGNATHTJS, ug-na'thus (Neo-Lat., from Gk. ev, en, well + yv&$(K, gnathos, jaw I. One of the precursors of the mudfish (Amia) , fossil remains of which have been found in the Liassie rocks of England and the Jurassic rocks of Ba- varia. The body was elongated, and covered with ganoid scales, which were strengthened on their inside surfaces with vertical ribs, and many of which were fastened to each other by peg-and- socket joints. There is a dorsal fin, a pair each of pectoral and pelvic fins, an anal fin, and a semi-heterocercal tail-fin. ETJ'GTJBINE TABLES (Lat,, Tabulce Eu- gubincc). The name given to seven bronze tab- lets, the inscriptions on which present a compre- hensive and very remarkable memorial of the Umbrian language. They were discovered in 1444 at Gubbio (the ancient Iguvium or Eugu- bium), where they are still preserved. The char- acters on four of the tablets are Umbrian. on two Latin, and on one partly Latin and partly Um- brian. The language resembles somewhat the older forms of the latter, and also the Oscan dialects. The subjects of the inscriptions are di- rections concerning sacrificial usages and forms of prayer, and they seem to belong to two periods; those in Umbrian characters to the sec- ond century B.C., and those in Latin letters to the time of Sulla. Philip Buonarotti first pub- lished them in a complete form in Dempster's Etruria Regalis (Florence, 1723-24). The real decipherment of the inscriptions was due to Karl Ottfried Miiller and Grotefend, and the final corrections and improvements were made by Bueheler and Lepsius. The best work on the inscriptions is Breal, Les tables eugubines (Paris, 1875-78). Consult also, Newman, The Igurine Tables (London, 1864), which includes the text with Latin translation and commentary. EUHEM'ERISM. The name usually applied to the theory which seeks to explain all my- thology as distorted history. The name is derived from Euhemerus ( Eir//j?pos, ) of Messana in Sicily, who was a contemporary and friend of Cassander of Macedon (b.c. 311-298). Sent by the King on a voyage to the south, he utilized his travels to bring his theory before the world. In his Sacred Record (Gk. Upd. avaypaif)-/)) he described the habits and government found on an island. Panchcea, in the Indian Ocean. This enabled him to set forth his view of an ideal State. He endeavored to show that the Greek gods wen- merely men, who had been deified be- cause of their power or services to mankind. He was not the lir-t to suggest this interpretation, as it luol already been applied to various myths of the heroes connected with early Grecian his- tory by such writers as Heeatseus and Ephorusj hut he carried it far beyond any previous writer in the universality of its application even to the gods. Naturally, and probably with full justice. the 1 k brought upon its author the name of Atheist, though, considering its obviously Bcti tious character, it is hard to see why he should
