or on the appropriation to the State of the means of production. (See Socialism; Marx, Karl.) Later the view came to be widely held that the true solution of the labor problem lay in the merging of the interests of employer and employed by a system of profit-sharing (q.v.), by inducing laborers to purchase shares in the corporation employing them, or by the development of an ethical relation between employer and employed, the employer making it his care to provide for the moral and material welfare of his laborers, both in the factory and in their homes. (See Krupp Foundries, Social Work at.) State and corporate provision of funds to insure against invalidity and old age (see Old-Age Pensions; Workingmen's Insurance) represents a new development of thought, aiming to free the laborer from the constant danger of pauperism, and so to render him less discontented with the prospect of remaining a wage-earner throughout his life. Industrial arbitration (q.v.), voluntary and compulsory, represents another comparatively recent solution for the evil of industrial discord.
The modern tendency is to treat the labor problem as an exceedingly complicated one, which cannot be solved by any single remedy. Extension of factory legislation, encouragement of the formation of responsible trade unions, arbitration, identification, wherever possible, of the interests of employer and employed, are recognized to be among the more important factors of the solution of the problem. Whatever has hitherto been accomplished, however, in behalf of labor, and whatever measures are advocated for further improvement, concern almost exclusively the factory laborer. There remains a large class consisting of the day laborer of the cities and the agricultural laborers, who have hitherto been unable to combine successfully to better their positions, and whose conditions of employment are so varied and uncertain that little can be done for them by legislation. These classes are, however, diminishing in numbers relatively to the laborers employed in factories, and with the progress in public education and consequent improved mobility of labor, may be expected to share in some measure the advantages secured by the factory laborers.
In addition to the references given in the text, see Collectivism; Eight-Hour Day; Employment Bureaus; Factory Inspection; Industrial Revolution; Labor; Labor Congresses; Lockout; Socialism; Strikes; Sweating System; Wages.
LABOR REPRESENTATION COMMITTEE. An organization founded by the British Trade Union Congress in accordance with the resolutions passed at its thirty-second annual meeting, in September, 1899, inviting "the coöperation of all the coöperative, socialistic, trade-union, and other working organizations" in an effort "to devise ways and means ... to secure a better representation of the interests of labor in the House of Commons." In accordance with these resolutions, the Labor Representation Committee was organized in 1900, and held its first annual conference February 1, 1901. The aims, structure, and organization of this committee may be gathered from the following resolutions adopted at various conferences and printed as the 'constitution of the committee':
"Labor Candidates.—That this conference is in favor of working-class opinion being represented in the House of Commons by men sympathetic with the aims and demands of the labor movements, and whose candidatures are promoted by one or other of the affiliated societies.
"Labor Party in Parliament.—That this conference is in favor of establishing a distinct labor group in Parliament, who shall have their own whips and agree upon their policy, which must embrace a readiness to coöperate with any party which for the time being may be engaged in promoting legislation in the direct interest of labor, and be equally ready to associate themselves with any party in opposing measures having an opposite tendency; and, further, members of the labor group shall not oppose any candidate whose candidature is being promoted by one of our affiliated societies.
"The Executive.—That the Executive Committee shall consist of thirteen representatives, nine of whom shall represent the trade unions, one the trades councils, one the Fabian Society, two the Independent Labor Party. Such members shall be elected by their respective organizations."
The officers of the committee are a chairman, a vice-chairman, a treasurer, and a secretary, who with nine other members constitute the Executive Committee above described. Each affiliated society is entitled to send one delegate to the annual conference of each 1000 members for whom dues have been paid. National organizations are required to pay 10 shillings per annum for every 1000 members or fraction thereof, while trade councils are entitled to send one representative upon the payment of £1 per annum, and one additional delegate for each 10 shillings paid.
The Labor Representation Committee may be regarded as a skillful compromise between a federation of trade unions and an Independent Labor Party; it enables the trade union to go into politics assisted by the strength of sympathetic organizations not strictly devoted to the interests of a particular trade, such as the Fabian Society, without imperiling the success or permanence of the trade union itself. The method of procedure adopted by the Committee is not to nominate candidates, but 'to recognize' and support candidates who are pledged to the interests of the working people; and they increase their chances of success by confining their activity to selected constituencies where their prospects are favorable.
LABOR UNION, The American. A socialistic labor organization, whose membership is largely confined to the States of Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Washington, and Wyoming. It was organized in May, 1898, as the Western Labor Union, but widened its scope at the Denver Convention of 1902, when the present name was adopted. In composition it is a federation of trade unions, but it has pronounced the familiar methods of the old trade unions unsatisfactory, and formally declared itself in favor of political action and international socialism. The officers consist of a president, vice-president, secretary-treasurer, and an executive board of nine members, including the president and vice-president. The officers are elected biennially by a referendum vote of the general membership. The government is more centralized than the ordinary federation of trade unions; the executive board,
