368 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. Passive Indicative of the Root Aorist. DELBRÜCK, Verbum 1814. — AVERY, Verb-Inflection 275.-WHITNEY, Sanskrit Grammar 842-845; Roots 240. v. NEGELEIN, Zur Sprachgeschichte 4. Cp. OSTHOFF, IF. 3, 390; HIRT, IF. 17, 64 f. - 501. There is a peculiar middle form, made from about 45 roots in the Samhitas (40 of them occurring in the RV.), which is used with a predomi- nantly passive meaning¹. When it is formed from verbs with a neuter signi- fication, like gam- 'go', the sense remains unaltered (as in the past passive participle). It is a 3. sing. indicative, in which the augmented root takes the ending. This i, otherwise the ending of the 1. sing. middle, appears to be used in the regular 3. sing. perfect middle (e. g. dadhe, 1. and 3. sing.), and sometimes in the 3. sing. present middle (e. g. śáye, 1. and 3. sing.). The characteristic feature of this passive form is the strengthening of the root as compared with other middle forms, e. g. ákāri beside akri (1. sing. mid.) ². — a. A prosodically short medial i, u or r takes Guņa, while a is normally lengthened; a final i, u or y takes Vṛddhi, while final ā interposes a y before the ending. The accent in unaugmented forms is always on the root. The forms actually occurring are: Sing. 3. ákāri, agāmi, áceti, ácchedi, ájani ³, ájñāyi, átāpi, ádarsi, ádhãyi, ápādi (AV.), ápāyi ('drink'), aprāyi (AV. VS.), ábodhi, ábhrāji, amāyi ('measure'), ámodi, ámyakṣi, áyāmi, áyāviª (VS. xxvIII. I 5), áyoji, áradhi, aroci, avahi (Kh. v. 15³), avāci, ávāri ('cover'), avedi ('find'), áśoci, áśrāyi (V śri-), ásarji, ásādi, ásāvi (√ su-), ástāri, ástāvi, áhāvi; ceti, jáni, jāni, tāri, darśi, dāyi (‘give'), dáyi ('bind), dháyi, pádi, védi ('find'), sádi5. Used injunctively: ghosi, ceti, chedi, tari, dháyi, bhari, bhedi (VS. XI. 64), móci (AV.), yoji, reci, roci, vandi, varhi, vāci, šamsi, šāri, šeși (šiș- ‘leave', AV.), śrávi, sarji, sādi, hāyi (hā- ‘leave', AV.); also the unique form jarayáyi 'let him be embraced', from the secondary stem jāra-ya- 'play the lover'. - Root Aorist Subjunctive. 502. Active. Sing. 1. kárāṇi, gamāni, gāni, bhuvāni. gamas, gás, tárdas, dás, dhás, párcas, pás (IV. 204 ‘drink'), prás, bhúvas¹, yamas, váras ('choose'), śásas, sthás. 3. karati, jósati, darśati (AV.), dáti, dhắti, padāti³, bhédati, rādhati, varjati, stháti; kárat, gámat, garat (gr-'swallow', AV.), gāt, jóṣat, dát, dhāt, padat (AV.), máthat9 (AV. vII. 505), yamat, yodhat, radhat, várat ('choose'), vártat, śrávat, sághat, sāt, sthāt, spárat. Without Guna: ŕdhat, bhívat, śrúvat (RV¹.). IO Du. 2. karathas, gamathas, darśathas, pathás ¹⁰0 (AV. VII. 29¹), bhuthás¹¹, śravathas. 3. karatas, gamatas, bhūtas", śrávatas, sthắtas. - 2 Cp. BRUGMANN, Grundriss 2, 1054, 3. 3 This augmented form always occurs in the RV. with short radical vowel, beside the unaugmented jāni as well as jani. 4 From yu- 'separate'. 5 The form sváni (VI. 46¹4) may be the 3. sing. passive aorist (BR. and doubtfully WHITNEY, Roots 201), but GRASSMANN, s. v. sváni, regards it as a neut. substantive in -i. Cp. NEISSER, BB. 30, 305 ff. 6 The 2. 3. sing. with secondary endings - 2. kárasi; káras, kár In one or two passages this form seems | from roots ending in a cannot be distinguished to have a transitive meaning; cp. WHITNEY, from injunctives. Sanskrit Grammar 845 (end). 7 Formed without Guņa as in the ind. aor. and perfect. 8 With double modal sign -ā-. 9 This form has a subjunctive sense ('might shake'); it might otherwise be an injunctive of the a- aorist. 10 Assigued by WHITNEY, Roots, to the present of the root class. 11 Both bhuthás (v1.675) and bhūtas (x.277) seem to be meant for subjunctives formed anomalously without mood sigu, instead of
- bhuvathas and *bhúvatas.
