VII. VERB. AORIST SYSTEM. 369 Middle. Sing. 2. kárase, joșase (AV.). Pl. 1. kárama, gamáma, gāma, dhama, rādhāma. - 3. karanti, gámanti, pānti¹ (II. 11¹4); káran, gáman, garan, dárśan, bhúvan, yaman. 3. idhaté (RV¹.), kárate, bhojate, yojate, várjate, stárate. - Du. 2. dhéthe3, dhaithe. - Pl. I. kárāmahe, gámamahai, dhāmahe, manāmahe (VS. IV. 11), starāmahe. 'separate'). 3. yavanta (yu- Root Aorist Injunctive. 503. Active. Sing. 1. karam (AV.), gäm, dham (VS. 1. 20), bhuvam, bhojam, yojam, sthām. 2. jes, bhus, bhés (Vbhi-, VS. 1. 23 etc.; TS. IV. 5. 10¹). With loss of ending: kar (TS. 1. 3. 7²), dhak (dagh- 'reach', bhet (bhid-), rok (√ruj-, VS.), var ('cover'), vark (√vrj-), star, spar. 3. bhút, śret, ut-thát (V stha-, Kh. II. 11³). — With loss of ending: gan (VS. XXVII. 31; TS. v. 6. 14), dhak (√ dagh-), nak and naț (naś- ‘attain'), vár, vark, skán (V skand-), stan4. Pl. I. gama, chedmas, daghma, bhuma, bhemas, hómas (hu- 'call'). 3. bhuvan, vrán. With ending -ur: kramur, gur, dabhúr, dur, dhúr, sthur. Middle. Sing. 1. námsi (nams- nas 'attain'). 2. dhythas (AV.), nutthás, bhitthas (VS. XI. 68), mṛthás (mr- 'die'), mṛṣṭhas (Vmrs-), rikthās (√ric-), vikthās (Vvij-, VS. I. 23). - 3. arta (Vr), asta (as 'attain'), vukta (TS. IV. 3. 114), vikta (√vij-), vrta (vr- 'choose'). - Pl. 1. dhimahi6 (√ dhā-). — 3. aśata (SA. XII. 19). - - 1
- Assigned by WHITNEY, Roots, to the
present of the root class. 2 With weak and unaccented root. 3 A transfer form for *dhathe. 4 This form may, however, perhaps pre- ferably be classed as an imperfect injunctive along with stanihi as pres. impv., as in WHITNEY's Roots. These are the only forms of the simple verb beside the aor. astānīt (AV.). 5 With strong radical vowel. 6 Probably to be explained as the in- junctive corresponding to the augmented indicative adhimahi (see 500, note 14); it might, however, be the 1. pl. opt. mid. with loss of a before the modal --. Indo-arische Philologie. I. 4. - Root Aorist Optative. 504. Active. Sing. 1. afyám (as- ‘attain'), rdhyam (AV.), deyām7, dheyam7, vrjyām, śakyām. - 2. avyās, aśyās, ṛdhyās, gamyās, jñeyās, bhūyás, mṛdhyas, sahyās. 3. bhūyāt (AV.). Du. 1. yujyāva. 3. yujyátām. Pl. I. asyáma, rdhyáma, kriyāma, bhūyáma, vrjyáma, sāhyáma⁹, stheyāma¹. 3. asyur (as 'attain'), dheyur, sahyur. 3. arīta (√r-) Middle. Sing. 1. asiya, muriya (mṛ- ‘die', AV.). uhīta-10 (Vvah-), vurita (vr- 'choose'). - Du. 2. rdhathe. Pl. I. ašīmáhi, idhimahi, rdhīmáhi, našimahi ('reach'), nasimahi, pṛcīmahi, mudīmahi, yamīmahi, sīmahi" (sā- ‘bind'). a. Precative forms of the root aorist are common in the active, being made from about twenty roots in the Samhitās. Active. Sing. 1. apyāsam¹2 (AA. v. 3.2³) ṛdhyāsam (VS. VIII. 9), jīvyásam (AV. VS.), priyïsam¹³ (AV.), bhūyásam, bhrājyāsam (AV.), bhriyāsam (VS. 11. 8), rādhyāsam (VS. XXXVII. 3), vadhyāsam (VS. AV.), śrūyāsam (AV.). 3. avyās, aśyās ('reach'), ṛdhyās, gamyás, daghyās, peyās (‘drink'), bhūyás, yamyās, yūyās ¹4 yu- 'separate'), vṛjyās, śrūyās, saḥyās. 7 For dă-iyām, dhā-iyām, sthā-iyāma. 8 The RV. has no forms of the 3. sing. in yāt, but only the somewhat numerous precatives in -yās = *-yās-t. 9 With irregular strong radical vowel, Padapāṭha sahyāma; cp. RPr. IX. 30. 10 Aor. opt. in WHITNEY, Sanskrit Grammar 837 b, but pres. opt. in 'Roots' 157. II With loss of à before the modal -i-. 12 Accented apyāsam in the ed. (B. I.). 13 WHITNEY, in AV. III. 54, would emend this form to bhriyāsam: see his note on that passage. 14 According to AVERY 241, 3. sing. pres. opt. 24
