VII, VERB. SECONDARY CONJUGATION. Middle. Sing. 3. ádedista, ánannata¹. Pl. 3. marmrjata ¹. 550. a. Perfect. A few perfect forms with intensive reduplication and present sense are met with: 3. jagára, davidhava (dhū- 'shake'), Active. Sing. 1. jāgara. nonāva ³ (nu- 'praise'). The only perfect participle occurring is jagrváms-. b. Aorist. The only trace of an aorist being formed from the intensive is cárkr-s-e 'thinks of', 3. sing. mid., formed like hi-s-e and stu-s-e. It occurs three times in the RV., always with a present sense. c. Causative. A causative formed from the intensive is once found in the participle varīvarj-áyant-ī- (AV.) ‘twisting about' (Vvrj-). b. Secondary Form. 551. The rare secondary form of the intensive is identical in meaning with the primary. In form it is indistinguishable from a passive, the suffix -yá being added to the primary stem and the inflexion being the same as that of the passive. Altogether about a dozen forms have been met with from nine roots. The only persons represented are the 2. and 3. sing. and 3. pl. indicative; and there is also a present participle. The forms actually occurring are the following: Present indicative. Sing. 2. coşkuyáse. 3. nenīyáte (VS.), marmrjyáte, rerihyáte, vevijyáte, vevīyate. (√tr-), marmṛjyánte. Participle. carcūryåmāna- (Vcar-), nenzyåmãna-, marmrjyámāng. 3. The Causative. DELBRÜCK, Verbum p. 209-216. Sanskrit Grammar p. 379-386; Roots 235 f. - AVERY, Verb-Inflection 262-268. v. NEGELEIN 44-48. 393 dedišyáte (AV. VS.), Pl. 3. tartüryante - 4 Cp. WHITNEY 1042 b. 5 Cp. v. NEGELEIN 44. 6 Cp. BRUGMANN, KG. 698. WHITNEY, 552. The causative verb expresses that its object is caused to perform the action or to undergo the state denoted by the root; e. g. párām evá paravátam sapátnīm gamayāmasi (x. 1454) 'we cause our rival to go to the far distance. It is by far the commonest of the secondary conjugations, being formed from over 200 roots in the Samhitas; but of about 150 causative stems appearing in the RV. at least one-third lack the causative meaning. The stem is formed by adding the suffix -áya to the root, which as a rule is strengthened. Those verbs in which the root, though capable of being strengthened, remains unchanged, have not a causative4, but an iterative sense, being akin in formation to denominatives 5 (which sometimes even have the causative accent). The whole group may originally have had this meaning, from which the causative sense was developed till it became the prevalent one. This may perhaps account for an iterative formation, the reduplicated aorist, having specially attached itself to the causative. Both the iterative and the causative form are occasionally made from the same root; e. g. pataya-ti 'flies about' and patáya-ti 'causes to fly' beside the simple verb páta-ti 'flies'. I See p. 391, note 9. MS. (1. 86); the latter form is irregular in 2 ávavasanta (Vva) is probably a plu- accent. Cp. BÖHTLINGK's Lexicon, perfect (p. 365, top). 3. lī. 3 WHITNEY 1018 quotes also dodrāva (dru- 'run') from the TS., and yoyava (yu- 'sepa- rate'), and lelaya (li- 'be unsteady) from the D.
