Translation:Tolkappiyam/Interchange of case morphemes

by Tolkappiyar

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Source in Tamil

Note

1. The first serial number denotes the verse in the whole literature Tolkappiyam .
2. The second one denotes the verse in the Second section of the literature.
3. The third one denotes the verse in the part of the literature dealt here.

Translation Example to the verse, cited by Elamburanar, an interpreter to the literature ‘Tolkappiyam’ who belongs to 11th century A.D. and others is given indented star-mark.

This chapter speaks on the case morphemes that belongs to one case may stands denoting the meaning of another case’s meaning, in some cases.

Interchange of morphemes between 7th and 2nd case

• The seventh case morpheme [kan’] may come in second (accusative) case before the verb [saarpu] = standby. 563, 80, 1
• Seventh case morpheme [kan’] may be suffixed in second accusative case, in limb of a body. 564, 81, 2
• It happens before the verbs [kanr’u] = be attached and [se’l] = go. 565, 82, 3

Whole and its part

• The name of a whole thing is affixed with sixth case morpheme [athu] and the name of its part with seventh [kan’], when they occur together in a sentence. 566, 83, 4
• Morpheme [ai] (2nd case) is suffixed to the name of a whole thing and the morpheme [kan’] (7th) to its part, when they come in a sentence. 567, 84, 5
• 2nd, 6th and 7th case morphemes come interchanging as above. 568, 85, 6
• The names of mass and its part also have interchange if morphemes as above. 569, 86, 7

Interchange of case-morphemes on the basis of meaning and of verb relations

• Morpheme [odu] = along with is to be added with the superior among two persons. 570, 87, 8
• Morpheme [aan] or [aal] of instrumental case mingle with the morpheme [in] os [il] of ablative case, when the verb defines the cause. 571, 88, 9
• Functioning of [noo’kku al noo’kkam] = thinking in mind mingles in 2nd and 5th case morphemes. 572, 89, 10
• Morpheme [athu] of 6th case, denoting kinship will change into [ku] of 4th case. 573, 90, 11
• Where one needs to resolve ambiguity to sense of nouns with a participle modifier suffixation of 2nd or 3rd case morphemes is applicable. 574, 91, 12
• Where such ambiguity persists, the definition that follows clarifies the sense of the case relevant. 575, 92, 13
• Both the second case morpheme and third case morpheme have equal claims where the noun with elliptical construction goes with the verb that denotes ‘protection’. 576, 93, 14
• The word denoting the place of habitation, in case elliptical contrition, explained with the suffix of 6th or 7th case-morpheme to denote the act of residing. 577, 94, 15
• The word declining for the fourth case [ku] and denoting thereby the recipient of the gift shall take the sixth case morpheme [athu]. 578, 95, 16
• Before the verb denoting fear, case declination goes either with 5th or 2nd case. 579, 96, 17
• It is all based on traditional usage: one case morpheme substitutes another and one case morpheme points the meaning of the other case as shown in the instances above. 580, 97, 18

Succession of case morphemes

• Succeeding words with one or different case morphemes, being formed as a single phrase, ends in one predicate. 581, 98, 19
• Name with case suffix may stand before or after the predicate. 582, 99, 20
• Interchange of case morpheme and case-morpheme eclipsing may also appear in a sentence. 583, 100, 21
• In a sentence, having predicate-subject form, the eliding of case morpheme occurs only in accusative and locative case. 584, 101, 22
• Whatever the case-morpheme suffixed to noun, the sense is contrived in accord with context. 585, 102, 23
• The case morpheme does not change its sense even in negative form of sentence. 586, 103, 24
• Case-morphemes [ai], [aan] and [ku] will stand with a changed-form [a] in verse. 587, 104, 25
• Among the three above, [ku] and [ai] will not be changed with a noun of non-human generic class. 588, 105, 26

Sense designation of dative case morpheme

• The fourth case morpheme [ku] stands to designate: such is the nature of the thing that this has, one that holds another, the thing that is apt to be done by one, the name that designate kinship, term denoting the extent of land delimited, one being spoken of in relation to another, that which denotes (appropriation) of time, that which denotes a sense of detachment, that which means ‘turning oneself away’, etc. 589, 106, 27

6 Sense designations of other case morphemes

• Other case morphemes also stand designating things as does the fourth case morpheme above. 590, 107, 28

Implement of predicate

• The process, the doer, the object, the place, the time, the instrument, the recipient and the effect are the eight things pivoted by predicate. 591, 108, 29
• Among the eight (above), some may remain unapparent in usage. 592, 109, 30

Ramification of metonymy

• Metonymy ramifies into: whole for the part, part for the whole, the place of production for the product, the characteristic for the object informed by if, cause for the effect, two member compound (one member denoting a part and the other an object akin to the first) and the doer for the thing done. 593, 110, 31
• The metonyms mark a two-fold behavior: those that of akin to things cognate and those that things non-cognate. 594, 111, 32
• Metonymy is also affixed with case morpheme. 595, 112, 33
• Metonyms also denote measurement and weight as per learned. 596, 113, 34
• New type of metonymy (not discussed above) may be governed with the above. 597, 114, 35